Constructing Engine Maps for Full Vehicle Simulation Modeling

Dekraker, Paul; Barba, Daniel; Moskalik, Andrew; Butters, Karla

doi:10.4271/2018-01-1412

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The gearboxes are characterized by constant efficiencies of 0.97. The fuel consumption of the ICE at zero or negative load is estimated by a torque-dependent linear extrapolation method, by following [26]. The ICE thermal transient is not modeled, resulting in a null fuel consumption penalization at cold start.…”

Section: Vehicle and Powertrain Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy for the Management of a Series/Parallel Hybrid Powertrain

2021

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In recent years, the development of hybrid powertrain allowed to substantially reduce the CO2 and pollutant emissions of vehicles. The optimal management of such power units represents a challenging task since more degrees of freedom are available compared to a conventional pure-thermal engine powertrain. The a priori knowledge of the driving mission allows identifying the actual optimal control strategy at the expense of a quite relevant computational effort. This is realized by the off-line optimization strategies, such as Pontryagin minimum principle—PMP—or dynamic programming. On the other hand, for an on-vehicle application, the driving mission is unknown, and a certain performance degradation must be expected, depending on the degree of simplification and the computational burden of the adopted control strategy. This work is focused on the development of a simplified control strategy, labeled as efficient thermal electric skipping strategy—ETESS, which presents performance similar to off-line strategies, but with a much-reduced computational effort. This is based on the alternative vehicle driving by either thermal engine or electric unit (no power-split between the power units). The ETESS is tested in a “backward-facing” vehicle simulator referring to a segment C car, fitted with a hybrid series-parallel powertrain. The reliability of the method is verified along different driving cycles, sizing, and efficiency of the power unit components and assessed with conventional control strategies. The outcomes put into evidence that ETESS gives fuel consumption close to PMP strategy, with the advantage of a drastically reduced computational time. The ETESS is extended to an online implementation by introducing an adaptative factor, resulting in performance similar to the well-assessed equivalent consumption minimization strategy, preserving the computational effort.

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Section: Vehicle and Powertrain Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy for the Management of a Series/Parallel Hybrid Powertrain

2021

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“…This draws attention to the problem of the methodology of map generation. Having the same set of data, but using different algorithms, several maps can be obtained [32]. For this reason, it is important to analyze the exact values of parameters determined during empirical research (Appendix B).…”

Section: Bsfc Thermal Efficiency and Co 2 Emission Of The Range Extementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the maps presented in this paper have been generated using our own interpolation algorithm for measurement results obtained at a limited number of points. However, to be able to quantify precise BSFC, efficiency, and CO 2 emission values in other points between those selected for measurements, other methods can be used [32]. Further work would be needed to explore this subject and to obtain an unbiased assessment of the used interpolation algorithm.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An essential variable is the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) or thermal efficiency of the range extender at a given operating state, which in turn depends on the joint efficiencies of an ICE and a generator. BSFC is determined empirically and presented in the form of the so-called maps illustrating its dependence on rotational speed and load [32]. Although such maps form the basis of simulation studies, it is very difficult to obtain them from the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Empirical Study on the Efficiency of an LPG-Supplied Range Extender for Electric Vehicles

et al. 2019

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A range extender is an auxiliary power unit, usually consisting of an internal combustion engine and an electric generator, which is used to charge a battery of an electric vehicle in order to increase its range. This paper considers a range extender supplied with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The aim is to provide detailed data on thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and unit emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in a broad spectrum of range extender operating conditions defined by rotational speed and torque. The experimental investigation has been conducted using a laboratory test stand equipped with an energy dissipation system of adjustable resistance. Measurement results, including fuel flow rate, were processed using custom algorithm for generating maps, i.e., two-dimensional dependencies of the considered parameters on the rotational speed and torque. The maps obtained for LPG supply were compared with those for gasoline supply. The results demonstrated feasibility of LPG-supplied range extender. Its BSFC and thermal efficiency were at a comparable level to those obtained for gasoline supply, but with less CO 2 emission. The empirical data collected has been adopted in the simulation of extended-range electric vehicle in a driving cycle, showing the potential of utilizing the results of this study.Energies 2019, 12, 3528 2 of 23 ( Figure 1). Their principle of operation is same as that of a standard BEVs, with the only difference being that an additional ICE acts as an on-board generator (range extender) to recharge the battery [11]. EREVs operate exclusively as BEVs when battery energy is available and have full performance in electric mode (e.g., top speed, acceleration capability) [12]. This is possible owing to EREV's electric propulsion system and battery sized in such a way that the ICE is not required for vehicle operation as long as battery energy is available [12]. It is therefore preferable to move the vehicle with the use of an electric motor only, i.e., in "zero emission" driving mode, but at the same time, the user is not afraid of running out of battery energy, and so called "range anxiety" (the term was introduced in the late 1990s [13]) is alleviated.Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25 being that an additional ICE acts as an on-board generator (range extender) to recharge the battery [11]. EREVs operate exclusively as BEVs when battery energy is available and have full performance in electric mode (e.g., top speed, acceleration capability) [12]. This is possible owing to EREV's electric propulsion system and battery sized in such a way that the ICE is not required for vehicle operation as long as battery energy is available [12]. It is therefore preferable to move the vehicle with the use of an electric motor only, i.e., in "zero emission" driving mode, but at the same time, the user is not afraid of running out of battery energy, and so called "range anxiety" (the term was introduced in the late 1990s [13]) is alleviated.

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“…Once the benchmarking data has been gathered, it must be processed into a form suitable to estimate CO 2 emissions over the regulatory drive cycles. In support of this work, the NCAT team developed techniques to combine the engine operating test data into a set of complete engine maps suitable for use in vehicle simulation models like ALPHA and other technical analyses [13]. These complete engine maps estimate the fuel consumption of an engine over its complete operating range, spanning idle and motoring, wide-open-throttle and the predefined maximum "redline" engine speed.…”

Section: Fuel Consumption Mapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking a 2016 Honda Civic 1.5-Liter L15B7 Turbocharged Engine and Evaluating the Future Efficiency Potential of Turbocharged Engines

Stuhldreher¹,

Kargul²,

Barba³

et al. 2018

SAE Int. J. Engines

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As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) continuing assessment of advanced light-duty automotive technologies to support the setting of appropriate national greenhouse gas standards and to evaluate the impact of new technologies on in-use emissions, a 2016 Honda Civic with a 4-cylinder 1.5-liter L15B7 turbocharged engine and continuously variable transmission (CVT) was benchmarked. The test method involved installing the engine and its CVT in an engine dynamometer test cell with the engine wiring harness tethered to its vehicle parked outside the test cell. Engine and transmission torque, fuel flow, key engine temperatures and pressures, and onboard diagnostics (OBD)/CAN bus data were recorded. This paper documents the test results for idle, low, medium and high load engine operation, as well as motoring torque, wide-open throttle torque and fuel consumption during transient operation using both EPA Tier 2 and Tier 3 test fuels. Particular attention is given to characterizing enrichment control during high load engine operation. Results are used to create complete engine fuel consumption and efficiency maps and estimate CO2 emissions using EPA's ALPHA full vehicle simulation model, over regulatory drive cycles. The design and performance of the 1.5-liter Honda engine are compared to several other past, present, and future downsized-boosted engines and potential advancements are evaluated.

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Constructing Engine Maps for Full Vehicle Simulation Modeling

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Development of an Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy for the Management of a Series/Parallel Hybrid Powertrain

Development of an Efficient Thermal Electric Skipping Strategy for the Management of a Series/Parallel Hybrid Powertrain

Empirical Study on the Efficiency of an LPG-Supplied Range Extender for Electric Vehicles

Benchmarking a 2016 Honda Civic 1.5-Liter L15B7 Turbocharged Engine and Evaluating the Future Efficiency Potential of Turbocharged Engines

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