Construction and use of paired and triple band microelectrodes in solutions of low ionic strength

Bartelt, Joan E.; Deakin, Mark R.; Amatore, Christian; Wightman, R. Mark

doi:10.1021/ac00170a040

Cited by 62 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[42,43] Briefly, a mylar insulator sheet of 2 mm was inserted between two square platinum foils of 5 mm thickness. The parallel electrode assembly was casted into an epoxy resin rod (Presi, Mecaprex, IP) and its surface polished so that the double-band electrode is exposed along a diameter of its flat top cross-section.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Electrochemiluminescence as Generated at Double‐Band Microelectrodes by Confocal Microscopy under Steady State

et al. 2006

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A confocal microspectrometer was used to collect spatially resolved electrochemiluminescence (ECL) spectra from the annihilation reaction between Ru(bpy)3+ and Ru(bpy)3(3+), each species being generated at a platinum band microelectrode and separated by a micrometric insulating gap. The use of a confocal microspectrometer allows in situ photon detection of the ECL reaction with micrometric spatial resolution and observes the concentration distribution of the photon source in the vicinity of the interelectrode gap.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Electrochemiluminescence as Generated at Double‐Band Microelectrodes by Confocal Microscopy under Steady State

et al. 2006

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“…Note that the combination of Equations (13) ± (15) is strictly equivalent to that of Equations (1) and (2) or to Equation (3) except that we consider now that they occur at different locations of the system. The system is then expected to behave strictly as a generator ± collector double band [7±11, 13] of identical width, so that the variations of its current with time are given by Equations (8) or (10), depending on the magnitude of D conv , and Equation (16) can be defined.…”

Section: Preliminary Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micrometrically Controlled Surface Modification of Teflon ^® by Redox Catalysis: Electrochemical Coupling between Teflon ^® and a Gold Band Ultramicroelectrode

Amatore

Combellas

Kanoufi

et al. 2000

Chemistry A European J

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Carbon-fluorine bonds of Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE) can be reduced electrochemically with the purpose of modifying its adhesive and wetting surface properties by micrometrically controlled surface carbonization of the material. This can be performed adequately by redox catalysis provided that the redox mediator couple has a sufficiently negative reduction potential. The process is investigated kinetically with benzonitrile as the mediator and a gold-band ultramicroelectrode mounted adjacent to a PTFE block, though separated from it by an insulating micrometric mylar gap. For moderate fluxes of reduced mediator, the whole device behaves as a generator-collector double-band assembly with a constant current amplification factor. This is maintained over long periods of time, during which the carbonized PTFE zones extends over distances that are much wider than the slowly expanding cylindrical diffusion layer generated at the gold-microband electrode. This establishes that the overall redox catalysis proceeds through electronic conduction in the n-doped carbonized material. Thus, carbonization progresses at the external edge of the freshly carbonized surface in a diffusion-like fashion (dependence on the square root of time), while the redox-mediator oxidized form is regenerated at the carbonized PTFE edge facing to the gold ultramicroelectrode, so that the overall rate of carbonization is controlled by solution diffusion only. For larger fluxes of mediator, the heterogeneous rate of reduction and doping of PTFE becomes limiting, and the situation is more complex. A conceptually simple model is developed which predicts and explains all the main dynamic features of the system under these circumstances and allows the determination of the heterogeneous rate constant of carbon-fluorine bonds at the interface between the carbonized zone and the fresh PTFE. This model can be further refined to account for the effect of ohmic drop inside the carbonized zone on the heterogeneous reduction rate constants and henceforth gives an extremely satisfactory quantitative agreement with the experimental data.

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“…An array electrode is designed and fabricated t o possess a well-defined, rather simple surface geometn [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and/or optical microscopy are often used t o confirm the geometr).. On the other hand, the surface morphology of an ensemble electrode can be exceedingly complex, and a variet). of techniques for probing the surface morphology are required to fully understand the relationship between surface morphology and electrochemical response.…”

Section: Composite Electrode Surface Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite electrodes for electroanalysis: Principles and applications

1990

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A composite electrode has a surface that consists of an ordered arrangement (array) or a random arrangement (ensemble) of conductor regions, typically micrometers in dimension, separated from one another by an insulator. These active regions (or microelectrodes) may themselves be of regular geometry and confined primarily to the surface, as with most array electrodes, or of irregular geometry and permeate the bulk of the material, as with most ensemble electrodes. In this review, we classify composite electrodes according to the distribution of a conductor and insulator within the material (or on the surface), survey a number of the fabrication schemes used to construct composite electrodes, discuss percolation theory as it applies to certain composite electrodes, examine the surface morphology of selected composite materials, discuss the origins of the enhancement in current density observed at many composite electrodes in both quiescent and flowing solutions, and provide a few examples illustrating the applications of composite electrodes t o real analytical problems.

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Construction and use of paired and triple band microelectrodes in solutions of low ionic strength

Cited by 62 publications

References 14 publications

Mapping Electrochemiluminescence as Generated at Double‐Band Microelectrodes by Confocal Microscopy under Steady State

Mapping Electrochemiluminescence as Generated at Double‐Band Microelectrodes by Confocal Microscopy under Steady State

Micrometrically Controlled Surface Modification of Teflon ^® by Redox Catalysis: Electrochemical Coupling between Teflon ^® and a Gold Band Ultramicroelectrode

Composite electrodes for electroanalysis: Principles and applications

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Construction and use of paired and triple band microelectrodes in solutions of low ionic strength

Cited by 62 publications

References 14 publications

Mapping Electrochemiluminescence as Generated at Double‐Band Microelectrodes by Confocal Microscopy under Steady State

Mapping Electrochemiluminescence as Generated at Double‐Band Microelectrodes by Confocal Microscopy under Steady State

Micrometrically Controlled Surface Modification of Teflon ® by Redox Catalysis: Electrochemical Coupling between Teflon ® and a Gold Band Ultramicroelectrode

Composite electrodes for electroanalysis: Principles and applications

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Micrometrically Controlled Surface Modification of Teflon ^® by Redox Catalysis: Electrochemical Coupling between Teflon ^® and a Gold Band Ultramicroelectrode