Continuous-duty argon ion lasers

Labuda, E. F.; Гордон, Е. Б.; Miller, Robert B.

doi:10.1109/jqe.1965.1072226

Cited by 82 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The argon-ion laser was of the metal-wall type, and was capable of producing 1 W at 4880 A. 16 A Jarrell-Ash double monochromator of the CzernyTurner type, No. 25-102, Jarrell-Ash Division, Fisher Scientific Company, Waltham, Massachusetts, was used with the argon-ion laser.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Spectral Studies of the Effects of Perchlorate Ion on Water Structure

Walrafen¹

1970

The Journal of Chemical Physics

193

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Raman contours corresponding to the OD and OH stretching vibrations from HDO, as well as from H20 and D20, were obtained at 25°C from a series of ternary aqueous solutions containing HDO, CI0 4 -(Li+, Na+, K+), and H20 or D20. The Raman spectra were obtained photoelectrically using 4880-A argon-ionlaser excitation, as well as conventional 4358-A mercury excitation. Quantitative Raman data were obtained from ternary solutions having NaCI04 concentrations from 1 to 4M, and stoichiometric concentrations of 5.51M D20 (H20 as solvent), or 5.53M H20 (D20 as solvent). Raman spectra were also obtained from solutions having lower (and higher) HDO or NaCI04 concentrations. In addition, binary solutions of NaCI04 and H20 or D20 were examined. Addition of Cl04-to solutions containing HDO, and H 2 0 or D20 produces a pronounced splitting of the OD and OH stretching contours from HDO, as well as from D20 and H20. The splittings are directly observable in the Raman spectra. Two principal peaks or components, having frequencies nearly identical to components uncovered previously in the absence of CI0 4 -, result in the HDO case (or four major components in the D20 and H20 cases). The Raman intensities of the high-frequency OD or OH components from HDO (or of the corresponding high-frequency D 2 0 or H 2 0 components) increase relative to the low-frequency components with addition of Cl0 4 -. The effects are evident even at 0.5M Cl04-and below. In addition, isosbestic frequencies are observed from the binary and ternary perchlorate solutions for bands of HDO, D20, and H20, and the values compare favorably with isosbestic frequencies obtained previously at a series of temperatures. Examination of the OD and OH stretching contours from HDO at high Cl04-concentration, at which the high-frequency components are nearly isolated, also indicates that the component shapes are Gaussian. The Raman data indicate that the Cl04-ion is a strong structure breaker, and that it does not hydrate appreciably, in agreement with the recent infrared absorbance results of Kecki et al. The data also provide clear evidence in contradiction to spectroscopic continuum models of water and aqeuous solutions, but mixture models involving several major classes of interactions, e.g., hydrogen-bonded or non-hydrogen-bonded OD or OH groups, and OD or OH groups engaged in the hydration of cationic and anionic species, but excluding Cl04-, are in accord with the data. INTRODUCTIONInfrared absorbance spectra from ternary solutions containing HDO, NaCl04, and H20 and D20 have recently been obtained by Kecki, Dryjanski, and Kozlowska. l Splittings of the OD and OH stretching contours from HDO were observed in the absorbance spectra (the infrared OH splittings were noted previously by Hartman 2 ) and the splittings were interpreted in terms of the breakdown of water structure and of the failure of CI0 4 -to hydrate, as opposed to Cl-, Br-, and 1-.Kecki et at. also noted that the splittings of the OD and OH stretching bands from HDO strongly contradict the spectroscopic...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Spectral Studies of the Effects of Perchlorate Ion on Water Structure

Walrafen¹

1970

The Journal of Chemical Physics

193

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“…This has in fact be verified by theoretical modeling in agreement with a number of experiments performed with noble-gas lasers [68Her,67Boe,67Bei,67Gor,65Lab,66Rud]. In the case of predominant stepwise excitation the number of lasing atoms P L generated per unit time in the unit volume of the active medium rises quadratically with the electron density n e , and the output power per unit length Φ may be written as if quenching of inversion is neglected.…”

Section: Excitation Mechanismsupporting

confidence: 76%

3.4 Ion lasers and metal vapor lasers

Seelig

Laser Systems, Part 1

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Since the first ion laser was built in 1964 [64Bel, 00Bri], several hundreds ion laser transitions in the visible and near UV spectral range have been reported [66Bri]. Generation of these ion transitions requires low-pressure arc discharges containing noble gases or metal vapors to provide electron densities exceeding 10 13 cm −3 . The corresponding high threshold current densities for ion laser excitation of more than 100 A cm −2 mostly permit only quasi-cw pulsed mode operation. The spectral range of ion lasers is the largest of all lasers, down to the X-ray region if high-Z ions are considered. Although the pump power densities increase rapidly with the laser frequency and other excitation methods must be used, some similarities to visible-range ion lasers are present. This review is restricted to classical visible and near-ultraviolet ion lasers. These are commercial systems and, in particular, noble gas ion lasers with high continuous power levels.Historically ion lasers and metal vapor lasers are closely related. The first metal vapor laser was the optically pumped cw Cs laser. [62Rab]. Difficulties with alkali metals and high temperatures have stimulated the search of other potential laser media, e.g. Hg with well-established lamp technology. So the first gas discharge metal vapor laser was a Hg I laser [63Rid]. The first gas ion laser invented by Bell [64Bel] also used mercury, the first laser with doubly ionized Hg was demonstrated by Gerritson and Goedetier [64Ger]. More important was the discovery of the continuous 488 nm Ar ion laser action in Ar-Hg-mixture discharges by Bridges et al [64Bri]. The He-Hg + laser inspired Fowler and Silfvast to the search for new laser transitions in other He-metal discharges. A result was the continuous He-Cd + laser, a successful commercial metal vapor laser [66Sil]. The discovery of the Cu I and Au I laser, another type of metal vapor laser, by Walter et al. [66Wal1,66Wal2] in 1965 has started the very successful development of self-terminating resonancemetastable metal vapor lasers with repetitively pulsed metal-noble-gas low-pressure discharges. The Cu I laser is the most powerful, efficient, and best developed metal vapor laser. Oscillating on the Cu I transitions at 510.6 nm and 578.2 nm wavelength, average output powers of up to 500 W have been demonstrated from oscillators. Commercial lasers are available with output powers of up to 120 W at an efficiency of 1 %. Typical laser pulses have 10 . . . 100 ns in duration at pulse repetition rates of up to 200 kHz with peak powers of up to several hundred kW.Different metal vapor lasers are the subjects for a few thousand contributions in the scientific literature. In a comprehensive book C.E. Little [99Lit] gives a current review. This contribution is concentrated on commercially available laser systems. Therefore, the last part is restricted to the copper vapor laser, representing the class of self-terminating metal vapor high-power lasers.Landolt-Börnstein New Series VIII/1B1

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“…If the material is distributed along the bore in short segments, each insulated from the next, the discharge is substantially unaffected by the local short circuit [76]. Low-sputtering refractory materials such as tungsten [73], molybdenum [76], tantalum, and graphite [77] have been used in radiationcooled arrangements; copper [78] and aluminum [79] have also been used in water-cooled assemblies. Tungsten has the lowest sputtering yield of the refractory metals, and has also been used as a bore material in high-performance ion lasers.…”

Section: B Ar-ion Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherent optical sources for communications

Geusic¹,

Bridges

Pánkové

1970

Proc. IEEE

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Abstract-The development of coherent optical sources, producing usable amounts of power, has providd a stimulus for communications research. Coherent sources in the form of lasers and parametric orillators are available at wavelengths which span the entire optical spectrum. This paper reviews the state of the art of coherent optical sources with major emphasis on the most highly developed sources.

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Continuous-duty argon ion lasers

Cited by 82 publications

References 2 publications

Raman Spectral Studies of the Effects of Perchlorate Ion on Water Structure

Raman Spectral Studies of the Effects of Perchlorate Ion on Water Structure

3.4 Ion lasers and metal vapor lasers

Coherent optical sources for communications

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