Contributions of pictorial and binocular cues to the perception of distance in virtual reality

Hornsey, Rebecca L.; Hibbard, Paul B.

doi:10.1007/s10055-021-00500-x

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Depth perception of a virtual 3D world is maintained by simulating some of the visual cues present in the real world. Monocular visual cues that can be applied in 3D graphics include perspective, 3D lighting, and postprocessing filters for recomputing light occlusion and atmospheric perspective [44]. At this level, pseudo 3D level of depth perception is produced (e.g., as achieved by 3D graphics projected onto an LCD screen).…”

Section: The Complex World Behind the Projectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye-Tracking in Interactive Virtual Environments: Implementation and Evaluation

et al. 2022

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Not all eye-tracking methodology and data processing are equal. While the use of eye-tracking is intricate because of its grounding in visual physiology, traditional 2D eye-tracking methods are supported by software, tools, and reference studies. This is not so true for eye-tracking methods applied in virtual reality (imaginary 3D environments). Previous research regarded the domain of eye-tracking in 3D virtual reality as an untamed realm with unaddressed issues. The present paper explores these issues, discusses possible solutions at a theoretical level, and offers example implementations. The paper also proposes a workflow and software architecture that encompasses an entire experimental scenario, including virtual scene preparation and operationalization of visual stimuli, experimental data collection and considerations for ambiguous visual stimuli, post-hoc data correction, data aggregation, and visualization. The paper is accompanied by examples of eye-tracking data collection and evaluation based on ongoing research of indoor evacuation behavior.

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Section: The Complex World Behind the Projectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye-Tracking in Interactive Virtual Environments: Implementation and Evaluation

et al. 2022

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“…In general, they made the rendition too large or placed it too close to the horizon (too far away) compared to the geometrically correct values (see Figure 7 ). Pictorial cues such as wall patterns (although the stone sizes for our walls were ambiguous compared to standard sized bricks) and linear perspective from the intersections between the walls and the floor can help in people’s distance perception [ 19 ] but participants could not use these cues to determine absolute distance. This may be due to the 2D scene being seen as smaller (minified) as was found in past studies when a real-world scene that was presented on a synchronized image display had to be magnified substantially to be seen as correct [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can People Infer Distance in a 2D Scene Using the Visual Size and Position of an Object?

Kim

Harris

2022

Vision

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Depth information is limited in a 2D scene and for people to perceive the distance of an object, they need to rely on pictorial cues such as perspective, size constancy and elevation in the scene. In this study, we tested whether people could use an object’s size and its position in a 2D image to determine its distance. In a series of online experiments, participants viewed a target representing their smartphone rendered within a 2D scene. They either positioned it in the scene at the distance they thought was correct based on its size or adjusted the target to the correct size based on its position in the scene. In all experiments, the adjusted target size and positions were not consistent with their initially presented positions and sizes and were made larger and moved further away on average. Familiar objects influenced adjusted position from size but not adjusted size from position. These results suggest that in a 2D scene, (1) people cannot use an object’s visual size and position relative to the horizon to infer distance reliably and (2) familiar objects in the scene affect perceived size and distance differently. The differences found demonstrate that size and distance perception processes may be independent.

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“…Binocular cues are shown to be important for effective online control of hand movements in depth (Hu and Knill, 2011). While we provided depth cues in our HMD-VR environment (see Figure 1), depth perception relying on binocular cues has shown to result in greater inaccuracies and misestimations in HMD-VR compared to the real world (Jamiy and Marsh, 2019a;Jamiy and Marsh, 2019b;Ping et al, 2019;Hornsey and Hibbard, 2021). Therefore, HMD-VR may require more of a reliance on monocular cues in order to compensate for inaccurate binocular cues (Jamiy and Marsh, 2019a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual processing of actions directed towards three-dimensional objects in immersive virtual reality may involve holistic processing of object shape

Juliano

Phanord²,

Liew³

2022

Front. Virtual Real.

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Immersive virtual reality using a head-mounted display (HMD-VR) is increasing in use for motor learning and motor skill training. However, it remains unclear how visual information for action is processed in an HMD-VR environment. In the real world, actions towards three-dimensional (3D) objects are processed analytically and are immune to perceptual effects, such as processing object dimensions irrelevant to performing the action (i.e., holistic processing). However, actions towards two-dimensional (2D) objects are processed holistically and are susceptible to perceptual effects. In HMD-VR, distances are often underestimated, and the environment can appear flatter compared to the real world. Thus, actions towards virtual 3D objects in HMD-VR may be processed more like 2D objects and involve holistic processing, which is susceptible to perceptual effects. In an initial study, we used a Garner interference task to examine whether vision-for-action in HMD-VR is processed holistically and hypothesized that vision-for-action towards virtual 3D objects in HMD-VR would result in a Garner interference effect, suggesting holistic processing. We found Garner interference effects for reaction times to reach maximum grip aperture and to complete movement. These results show that visual processing of actions towards virtual 3D objects in HMD-VR may involve holistic processing of object shape. These findings demonstrate that visual information for action in HMD-VR is processed differently compared to real 3D objects and is susceptible to perceptual effects, which could affect motor skill training in HMD-VR.

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Contributions of pictorial and binocular cues to the perception of distance in virtual reality

Cited by 17 publications

References 51 publications

Eye-Tracking in Interactive Virtual Environments: Implementation and Evaluation

Eye-Tracking in Interactive Virtual Environments: Implementation and Evaluation

Can People Infer Distance in a 2D Scene Using the Visual Size and Position of an Object?

Visual processing of actions directed towards three-dimensional objects in immersive virtual reality may involve holistic processing of object shape

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