Eye-Tracking in Interactive Virtual Environments: Implementation and Evaluation

Ugwitz, Pavel; Kvarda, Ondřej; Juříková, Zuzana; Šašinka, Čeněk; Tamm, Sascha

doi:10.3390/app12031027

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Eye-tracking and performance optimizations required additional enhancements in the environment (Ugwitz et al, 2022); virtual objects were named and partitioned correctly, and the AOIs they resembled were in concordance with the data extracted from the experiment's real environment.…”

Section: Experimental Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 75%

The Possibilities of Using Virtual Environments in Research on Wayfinding

Stachoň

Jochecová

Kvarda

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The study evaluated the degree of comparability of human behaviour exhibited during an evacuation scenario conducted in two environments, one real and the other virtual. For this purpose, we created a precise 3D model (digital twin) of a real campus building. In both the experimental (virtual environment) and control (real environment) groups, the participants were all first-time visitors to the building. The groups were instructed to locate a target room where they would subsequently be required to complete a simple task, at which point an evacuation alarm would be set off. We evaluated three types of data collected during their quest to find a way out of the building: an eye-tracker logged gaze hits on various objects (e.g., navigation signs), recorded the locomotion and trajectory of the participants, and logged a combination of these parameters (e.g., points along the path where participants sighted certain objects). The sample was composed of 73 participants (35 for the real environment, 38 for the virtual environment). We analysed and confirmed the results and concluded that despite certain aspects of human behaviour differing during the simulated evacuation, the locomotion behaviour exhibited by the participants in both environments was generally comparable. To improve the potential use of these findings in practice, we selected easily accessible hardware and excluded expensive devices such as treadmills, etc.

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Section: Experimental Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 75%

The Possibilities of Using Virtual Environments in Research on Wayfinding

Stachoň

Jochecová

Kvarda

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is a risk that is making all data available to users simultaneously, even if possible, will result in more confusion. Hence, guidelines and opportunities to filter data for analysis seem crucial, which is also mentioned by Rahman et al (2020), for larger user groups and in Ugwitz et al (2022). There might also be different needs depending on whether the users are novices or experts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Visualization Techniques and Analysis Tools for Eye-Tracking in 3D Environments

Sundstedt

Garro

2022

Front. Neuroergonomics

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This systematic literature review presents an update on developments in 3D visualization techniques and analysis tools for eye movement data in 3D environments. With the introduction of affordable and non-intrusive eye-tracking solutions to the mass market, access to users' gaze is now increasingly possible. As a result, the adoption of eye-tracking in virtual environments using head-mounted displays is expected to increase since the trend is to incorporate gaze tracking as part of new technical solutions. The systematic literature review presented in this paper was conducted using the Scopus database (using the period 2017 to 17th of May 2022), which after analysis, resulted in the inclusion of 15 recent publications with relevance in eye-tracking visualization techniques for 3D virtual scenes. First, this paper briefly describes the foundations of eye-tracking and traditional 2D visualization techniques. As background, we also list earlier 3D eye-tracking visualization techniques identified in a previous review. Next, the systematic literature review presents the method used to acquire the included papers and a description of these in terms of eye-tracking technology, observed stimuli, application context, and type of 3D gaze visualization techniques. We then discuss the overall findings, including opportunities, challenges, trends, and present ideas for future directions. Overall the results show that eye-tracking in immersive virtual environments is on the rise and that more research and developments are needed to create novel and improved technical solutions for 3D gaze analysis.

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“…Average pupil diameter records the aver-age pupil size change of participants in each VR forest video. In previous studies, it has often been regarded as a predictor of emotional arousal and autonomic activation (53)(54)(55). In fact, a dilator stimulation or a constrictor inhibition can cause pupillary dilation.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

An eye-tracking study on visual perception of vegetation permeability in virtual reality forest exposure

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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Previous studies have confirmed the significant effects of single forest stand attributes, such as forest type (FT), understory vegetation cover (UVC), and understory vegetation height (UVH) on visitors' visual perception. However, rarely study has yet clearly determined the relationship between vegetation permeability and visual perception, while the former is formed by the interaction of multiple forest stand attributes (i.e., FT, UVC, UVH). Based on a mixed factor matrix of FT (i.e., coniferous forests and broadleaf), UVC level (i.e., 10, 60, and 100%), and UVH level (0.1, 1, and 3 m), the study creates 18 immersive virtual forest videos with different stand attributes. Virtual reality eye-tracking technology and questionnaires are used to collect visual perception data from viewing virtual forest videos. The study finds that vegetation permeability which is formed by the interaction effect of canopy density (i.e., FT) and understory density (i.e., UVC, UVH), significantly affects participant's visual perception: in terms of visual physiology characteristics, pupil size is significantly negatively correlated with vegetation permeability when participants are viewing virtual reality forest; in terms of visual psychological characteristics, the understory density formed by the interaction of UVC and UVH has a significant impact on visual attractiveness and perceived safety and the impact in which understory density is significantly negatively correlated with perceived safety. Apart from these, the study finds a significant negative correlation between average pupil diameter and perceived safety when participants are viewing virtual reality forests. The findings may be beneficial for the maintenance and management of forest parks, as well as provide insights into similar studies to explore urban public green spaces.

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Eye-Tracking in Interactive Virtual Environments: Implementation and Evaluation

Cited by 27 publications

References 69 publications

The Possibilities of Using Virtual Environments in Research on Wayfinding

The Possibilities of Using Virtual Environments in Research on Wayfinding

A Systematic Review of Visualization Techniques and Analysis Tools for Eye-Tracking in 3D Environments

An eye-tracking study on visual perception of vegetation permeability in virtual reality forest exposure

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