Control of Postharvest Botrytis Fruit Rot of Strawberry by Volatile Organic Compounds of Candida intermedia

Abstract

A study was conducted to identify volatile organic compounds or volatiles produced by Candida intermedia strain C410 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to determine efficacy of the volatiles of C. intermedia in suppression of conidial germination and mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea and control of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. Results showed that, among 49 volatiles (esters, alcohols, alkenes, alkanes, alkynes, organic acids, ketones, and aldehydes) identified from C. intermedia cultures on yeast extract peptone dextrose agar, two compounds, 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene and 3-methyl-1-butanol, were the most abundant. Synthetic chemicals of 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene; 3-methyl-1-butanol; 2-nonanone; pentanoic acid, 4-methyl-, ethyl ester; 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetate; acetic acid, pentyl ester; and hexanoic acid, ethyl ester were highly inhibitory to conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Inhibition of conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea by volatiles of C. intermedia was also observed. Meanwhile, results showed that incidence and severity of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced by exposure of the strawberry fruit to the volatiles from C. intermedia cultures or C. intermedia-infested strawberry fruit. These results suggest that the volatiles of C. intermedia C410 are promising biofumigants for control of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry.

Antimicrobial effects of volatiles produced by two antagonistic Bacillus strains on the anthracnose pathogen in postharvest mangos

“…The VOCs with highly inhibitory capability towards conidial germination and mycelia growth included phenylethyl alcohol and caryophyllene. 2-nonanone has been identified from the volatiles produced by C. intermedia strain to control postharvest disease of strawberry (Huang et al, 2011) and thymol was applied as the essential oil to inhibit fruit rot fungi (Ippolito et al, 2012). Our results demonstrated that in addition to 2-nonanone and thymol, other bioactive volatile compounds including 2-decanone, 2-methylpyrazine and b-benzeneethanamine produced by the two isolated strains also have antimicrobial activity.…”

“…(M-7), a thermophilic soil bacterium, can produce VOCs which have the biological activity against a series of fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotrichum candidum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichoderma viride, Botrytis cinerea, and Verticillium dahliae (Ren et al, 2010). Other examples of biological control agents include, Bacillus strains for black spot of citrus (Arrebola et al 2010),-ce:italic>Streptomyces globispourous against B. cinerea on tomato fruit (Li et al, 2012), and Candida intermedia for postharvest diseases of strawberry (Huang et al, 2011). However, limited research information is available related to the efficacy of biofumigation volatiles for the control of mango anthracnose pathogen.…”

Reveromycins A and B from Streptomyces sp. 3–10: Antifungal Activity against Plant Pathogenic Fungi In vitro and in a Strawberry Food Model System

“…cinerea , and S . sclerotiorum , disease severity on the strawberries was individually rated using a numeric scale from 0 (completely healthy) to 8 (completely rotten) according to the description by Huang et al (2011). Disease severity index (DSI) was then calculated using the following formula: $\text{DSI} =100 \times {\displaystyle \sum _{i = 0}^n({\text{S}}_n\times n)}/8 \times {\displaystyle \sum _{i = 0}^n({\text{S}}_n)}$…”

Antifungal modes of action of Saccharomyces and other biocontrol yeasts against fungi isolated from sour and grey rots

“…The cell-free culture filtrate (100 µL) was mixed with 900 μL of 0.1 M Sodium Acetate Buffer, pH 5.5, and supplemented with colloidal chitin (10 g/L). Colloidal chitin was prepared from shrimp shell chitin according to the methods provided by Roberts and Selitrennikoff (1988) and Zhang et al (2011). Enzyme-substrate mixtures were incubated in a water bath at 37 °C for 7 h under shaking.…”

“…Production of antifungal volatiles was assayed as described by Huang et al (2011) with some modifications. The ability of yeasts to produce antifungal volatiles was assayed in a sealed system, but the phytopathogenic fungus and its respective biocontrol yeast were not in physical contact.…”