Controlled quantum dialogue using cluster states

Fault‐Tolerant Controlled Quantum Dialogue Using Logical Qubit

“…[12] and Ref. [13], the authors pointed out two important security requirements about the controller. Firstly, the communicants cannot exchange their secret message without the controller's permission.…”

“…The information-theoretical efficiency formula η = c/q is usually applied to analyze the efficiency of quantum channel [13,29] , where c is the total number of secret message, q denotes the total number of qubits used in quantum channel. For the proposed protocol, in the ideal quantum channel, Alice and Bob totally exchange 2n classical bits, and total single photons used for this protocol are 4n (n used for carrying secret message and 3n for eavesdropping detection and authentication).…”

“…In Table 7, we firstly compare the proposed protocol with other CQD protocols [4,12,13,30] over ideal quantum channel. As it shows, the proposed protocol can be free from information leakage and has high efficiency.…”

“…Specially, Kao et al [12] point out that the conspiring attack (by which the participants can collude to get the control factor for secure communications from the controller and thus can communicate without the controller's permission) can be successful in the CQD protocols based on entanglement sources because the quantum entanglement is the control factor in these protocols and they also gave improved schemes resisting conspiring attack in Refs. [12,13]. However, the above mentioned CQD protocols are only suitable for the ideal quantum channel.…”

Three‐level quantum satellite communication framework and its applications

“…Next, in Guan et al, 6 it was pointed out that Hwang's protocol is vulnerable to online guessing attacks and a session key consistency problem, and the authors therefore presented a practical N3AQKDP that can work in a noisy quantum channel. In addition, many different types of quantum protocols have recently been developed, including multiuser semi‐quantum secret sharing, 7 a “quantum‐ready” 5G core network, 8 quantum pattern recognition, 9 and entangled states scheme 10–12 …”