Controlled synthesis of mesoporous hollow SnO₂nanococoons with enhanced lithium storage capability

Abstract

Mesoporous SnO2 hollow nanococoons with a unique functional nanoarchitecture were for the first time fabricated by a facile method, which exhibit highly reversible lithium storage as well as outstanding cycling performance as anode materials for lithium ion batteries.

Encapsulating Red Phosphorus in Ultralarge Pore Volume Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanospheres for Lithium/Sodium-Ion Half/Full Batteries

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used in large-scale applications, such as portable electronic devices. − Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have also attracted much attention because of the abundant sodium resource and their low cost. − Many strategies have been proposed to develop anode materials for high-performance LIBs and SIBs, because the low capacity of commercial graphite cannot meet the increasing requirements. Among various anode materials, red phosphorus (P) is considered to be a promising anode candidate for LIBs and SIBs, due to the low cost and the high theoretical capacity (2596 mA h g –1 ). − However, red P suffers from poor electronic conductivity and tremendous volume variation during the discharge/charge process, resulting in poor electronic kinetics, large polarization, and further low active material utilization, as well as drastic capacity fading. − …”

SnO2@C@Fe3O4 Sandwich-like Hollow Nanospheres for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

“…To buffer the large cyclic volume change which leads to the capacity degradation and inferior cyclic performance of TMOs, the rational design of nanostructures with various morphologies, such as nanosheets, , nanotubes, , nanospindles, , and hollow nanostructures, − has been claimed as an effective method. Among them, hollow nanostructures can not only shorten the Li-ion diffusion pathway and thus accelerate kinetic processes but also buffer the cyclic volume change and possess a high specific surface area to offer abundant active sites between anode active materials and the electrolyte, leading to an outstanding enhancement in the performances. − Zhao et al have fabricated SnO 2 @Fe 2 O 3 multilayered hollow cubes with superior Li storage properties …”

SnO2@C@VO2 Composite Hollow Nanospheres as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Transition-metal oxides (TMOs) as promising substitutes for graphite anode materials have caused increasingly wide attention due to their relatively high theoretical capacity. − However, large volume variation of TMOs exists during the lithiation/delithiation process, which results in large irreversible capacity loss and pulverization of the material. − Recently, some novel strategies such as special nanostructures and carbon hybridization have been developed to solve these problems. − Reducing the TMO size to the nanoscale has been seen as an important strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of materials. Particularly, TMO hollow nanostructures, for example, hollow nanospheres, − hollow nanometer boxes, , and hollow nanospindles − have been widely studied for their hollow structures can effectively withstand cyclic changes in volume.…”

“…Transition-metal oxides (TMOs) as promising substitutes for graphite anode materials have caused increasingly wide attention due to their relatively high theoretical capacity. − However, large volume variation of TMOs exists during the lithiation/delithiation process, which results in large irreversible capacity loss and pulverization of the material. − Recently, some novel strategies such as special nanostructures and carbon hybridization have been developed to solve these problems. − Reducing the TMO size to the nanoscale has been seen as an important strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of materials. Particularly, TMO hollow nanostructures, for example, hollow nanospheres, − hollow nanometer boxes, , and hollow nanospindles − have been widely studied for their hollow structures can effectively withstand cyclic changes in volume. Another effective strategy is to combine TMOs with the elastic and conductive material such as amorphous carbon and graphene, which can not only offer a cushion effect to cope with the internal stress but also improve the electrical conductivity during cycling. − Therefore, a reasonable design of TMO@C composite hollow nanostructures with the aforementioned two structural characteristics is of great significance for both fundamental studies and practical application of anode materials in LIBs.…”