Controlling Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystal Dimension: Nanowhiskers and Nanoribbons

Liu, Jianhua; Arif, Mohammed; Zou, Jianhua; Khondaker, Saiful I.; Zhai, Lei

doi:10.1021/ma901955c

Cited by 232 publications

(330 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The crucial role of molecular weight distribution on the crystallization of P3HT in solution was also demonstrated by Liu et al 67 By precipitation of P3HT at different temperatures in anisole or dimethylformamide (DMF)/anisole mixtures, Liu Fig. 9).…”

Section: Controlling Nucleation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…However, whereas numerous polyolefins can be grown in the form of lamellar single crystals, single crystal growth of P3ATs is difficult and has been reported only occasionally. 28 Brinkmann and coworkers 29 recently reinvestigated Form I of P3HT by ED analysis performing rotation-tilt experiments on highly oriented and crystalline P3HT of low M w (7.9 kDa). A rotation-tilt TEM sample holder is used to acquire characteristic projections in reciprocal space as shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Structural Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)

Brinkmann

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

367

388

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This review focuses on the structural control in thin films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a workhorse among conjugated semiconducting polymers. It highlights the correlation existing between processing conditions and the resulting structures formed in thin films and in solution. Particular emphasis is put on the control of nucleation, crystallinity and orientation. P3HT can generate a large palette of morphologies in thin films including crystalline nanofibrils, spherulites, interconnected semicrystalline morphologies and nanostructured fibers, depending on the elaboration method and on the macromolecular parameters of the polymer. Effective means developed in the recent literature to control orientation of crystalline domains in thin films, especially by using epitaxial crystallization and controlled nucleation conditions are emphasized.

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Section: Controlling Nucleation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Structural Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)

Brinkmann

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

367

388

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“…20 As yet, various studies have clearly demonstrated that P3AT chains tend to fold above a certain M w of 10 kDa. 28,29 Chain folds in P3AT are modeled by a sequence of 7−8 monomer units in cis conformation leading to a 2.0 nm wide fold. Whereas in a crystal structure like PE the interchain interactions with the next-neighbor chains are uniform in the plane perpendicular to the chain, the situation is quite different for P3ATs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Thermal Annealing on the Semicrystalline Nanomorphology of Spin-Coated Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s as Observed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction

et al. 2012

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The impact of thermal annealing on the growth of crystalline nanodomains of poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) in thin films (15−20 nm thick) was investigated as a function of length of alkyl side chain by combined low-dose highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). Statistical analysis of the data yields the characteristic dimensions of the face-on oriented P3AT nanocrystals, i.e., average stem length l c along backbones and lateral dimension perpendicular to the stems l a along side chains. The following trends were identified: (i) in as-spin-coated films, the proportion of face-on oriented nanocrystals increases with the number of carbon atoms in the side chain, (ii) annealing favors the lateral in-plane growth of the nanocrystals along the side chain direction (a P3AT axis), (iii) for a given P3AT, the proportion of face-on oriented domains increases with annealing temperature, (iv) lateral growth along the a P3AT axis is most efficient for the longer octyl side chains, and (v) thermal annealing induces only modest lamellar thickening which is limited by the poor slide diffusion of π-stacked P3AT chains as opposed to lateral growth favored by weak van der Waals interactions between layers of n-alkyl side chains. The increase in the population of face-on oriented crystallites, observed when the length of the side chain increases, coincides with a corresponding decrease in the field effect mobility in annealed P3AT thin films.

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“…18 rr-P3HT also exhibits sufficient chain exibility 19,20 to allow for considerable chain folding (as long as M n > 10 kDa), especially if crystallization is given sufficient time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of fullerene-induced vitrification of fullerene:donor polymer photovoltaic blends and its impact on solar cell performance

et al. 2017

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Organic solar cell blends comprised of an electron donating polymer and electron accepting fullerene typically form upon solution casting a thin-film structure made up of a complex mixture of phases.These phases can vary greatly in: composition, order and thermodynamic stability; and they are dramatically influenced by the processing history. Understanding the processes that govern the formation of these phases and their subsequent effect on the efficiency of photo-generating and extracting charge carriers is of utmost importance to enable rational design and processing of these Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have seen a rapid increase in performance over recent years, with certain polymer:fullerene blends now reaching efficiencies of more than 10%. This improvement has mainly been due to intense materials development efforts. Despite these activities, however, key understanding of various relevant aspects that dictate the structural and optoelectronics landscape of many OPV materials, is still lacking. For instance, it is still unclear why specic acceptors work well only in combination with certain donors. Moreover, thorough knowledge has not been established why small variations in the chemical structure of the active materials in certain cases can lead to signicant differences in device performance while in other scenarios essentially identical device characteristics are obtained. 2One reason for these differences that are observed in devices even for structurally very similar materials is that the manipulation of the chemical structure oen results in alteration of the energy levels, 1,3 which, in the case of the LUMO of the acceptor, should either promote charge dissociation or increase the open circuit voltage (V oc ) with a given donor. Chemical changes lead, however, also to a different miscibility of the two components,

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Controlling Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystal Dimension: Nanowhiskers and Nanoribbons

Cited by 232 publications

References 30 publications

Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)

Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)

Impact of Thermal Annealing on the Semicrystalline Nanomorphology of Spin-Coated Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s as Observed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction

Origin of fullerene-induced vitrification of fullerene:donor polymer photovoltaic blends and its impact on solar cell performance

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