“…The problem above, however, can be framed as a time-series estimation and prediction one, for which numerous machine learning algorithms can be applied. An emerging trend in machine learning for computer vision and pattern recognition is deep learning (DL) which has been successfully applied in a variety of fields, e.g., multi-class classification [7], collaborative filtering [8], image quality assessment [9], reinforcement learning [10], transfer learning [11], information retrieval [12], depth estimation [13], face recognition [14], and activity recognition [15]. Most related to this work are temporal-based deep learners, e.g., [16,17], which we briefly review next.…”