Coral perspective on temperature seasonality and interannual variability in the northern South China Sea during the Roman Warm Period

Abrupt Increase in ENSO Variability at 700 CE Triggered by Solar Activity

“…Under colder climate conditions, the decrease of SST in winter is larger than that in summer, which leads to an increase in SST seasonality. In this study, the sub‐fossil coral Sr/Ca records from the Xisha Islands revealed a mean SST seasonality of 4.5 ± 1.4 (2ơ) °C from 665 to 749 CE, which is consistent with the instrumental value of 4.5 ± 1.1 (2ơ) °C from 1900 to 2010 CE (Jiang, Yu, Han, et al., 2021). However, there was a substantial difference in mean SST between the two periods.…”

“…Coral Sr/Ca ratios were measured at Guangxi University using a Varian Vista Pro (Varian Inc.) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP‐AES) following the methods described by Jiang, Yu, Han, et al. (2021). The average Sr/Ca value of the international coral standard JCp‐1 obtained by multiple measurements ( n = 165) was 8.647 ± 0.069 (2ơ) mmol/mol (Okai et al., 2002) (Figure S4a in Supporting Information ).…”

Roman Warm Period and Late Antique Little Ice Age in an Earth System Model Large Ensemble

“…Note that there is no external forcing that can significantly increase the hemispheric temperature in the climate model, and only a possible major forcing (solar activity) contributes little to the temperature increase in the model (Schurer et al, 2014). Moreover, the other proxy records with low-resolution show some evident warming events over millennia and longer time frames (Jiang et al, 2021;Ljungqvist, 2010;Luterbacher et al, 2016;Tan et al, 2003;Wen et al, 2010;E. Zhang et al, 2019;C.…”

“…Note that there is no external forcing that can significantly increase the hemispheric temperature in the climate model, and only a possible major forcing (solar activity) contributes little to the temperature increase in the model (Schurer et al., 2014). Moreover, the other proxy records with low‐resolution show some evident warming events over millennia and longer time frames (Jiang et al., 2021; Ljungqvist, 2010; Luterbacher et al., 2016; Tan et al., 2003; Wen et al., 2010; E. Zhang et al., 2019; C. Zhang et al., 2021), which are not in the climate model simulation (Shi et al., 2021). Therefore, we can infer that some positive feedback induced by solar activity may not be perfectly represented in the current models (Connolly et al., 2021; Matthes et al., 2017); for example, the cloud feedback (Zelinka et al., 2012) and the surface albedo feedback (H. Wang et al., 2022).…”

Fish Composition and Diversity of Four Coral Reefs in the South China Sea Based on Hand-Line Catch

“…At the same time, compared with Zhubi Reef and Meiji Reef, there was obvious seasonality in the fish compositions at Qiliangyu Island and Chenhang Island, which also belong to the Xisha Islands. Qiliangyu Island and Chenhang Island are located in the northwestern part of the South China Sea, and are influenced by southwesterly and northeasterly winds and have obvious seasonal climate changes, while the sea temperature changes are jointly influenced by the ENSO and East Asian monsoon (EAM), so the fish composition showed obvious seasonal differences [62,63].…”