Core-shell particles designed for toughening the epoxy resins. II. Core-shell-particle-toughened epoxy resins

Lin, King‐Fu; Shieh, Yow-Der

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19981219)70:12<2313::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 81 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…aluminium [4]), polymer particles (e.g. polyetheretherketone [5] or polytetrafluoroethylene [6]), or core-shell rubber particles [7][8]. For the phase-separable tougheners, both rubbers (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toughness of epoxy polymers and fibre composites modified with rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles

et al. 2009

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The present paper investigates the effect of adding silica nanoparticles to an anhydride-cured epoxy polymer in bulk and when used as the matrix of carbon-and glass-fibre reinforced composites. The formation of 'hybrid' epoxy polymers, containing both silica nanoparticles and carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber microparticles, is also discussed. The structure/property relationships are considered, with an emphasis on the toughness and the toughening mechanisms. The fracture energy of the bulk epoxy polymer was increased from 77 to 212 J/m 2 by the presence of 20 wt.% of silica nanoparticles. The observed toughening mechanisms that were operative were (a) plastic shear-yield bands, and (b) debonding of the matrix from the silica nanoparticles, followed by plastic void-growth of the epoxy. The largest increases in toughness observed were for the 'hybrid' materials. Here a maximum fracture energy of 965 J/m 2 was measured for a 'hybrid' epoxy polymer containing 9 wt.% and 15 wt.% of the rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles, respectively. Most noteworthy was the observation that these increases in the toughness of the bulk polymers were found to be transferred to the fibre composites. Indeed, the interlaminar fracture energies for the fibre-composites materials were increased even further by a fibre-bridging toughening mechanism. The present work also extends an existing model to predict the toughening effect of the nanoparticles in a thermoset polymer. There was excellent agreement between the predictions and the experimental data for the epoxy containing the silica nanoparticles, and for epoxy polymers containing micrometre-sized glass particles. The latter, relatively large, glass particles were investigated to establish whether a 'nanoeffect', with respect to increasing the toughness of the epoxy bulk polymers, did indeed exist.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toughness of epoxy polymers and fibre composites modified with rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles

et al. 2009

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“…In those systems, HBP was used as a dispersed phase and did not react with epoxy resins. [17,18]. They determined that the addition of a hydroxyl-terminated HBP to the system would provide ester linkages by reaction of anhydride not only with epoxides but also with hydroxyl groups.…”

Section: Blend Composition and Curing Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructure Formation in Thermoset/Block Copolymer and Thermoset/Hyperbranched Polymer Blends

Meng

Zhang

2014

Nanostructured Polymer Blends

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“…This is achieved by the use of reactive liquid rubber [1,2] or preformed rubber particles [20]. This is achieved by the use of reactive liquid rubber [1,2] or preformed rubber particles [20].…”

Section: Rubber-toughened Epoxy Resins 77mentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture of Epoxy Resin/Liquid Rubber Blends

Serjouei

Bakar

Yang

et al. 2014

Micro‐ and Nanostructured Epoxy/Rubber Blends

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IntroductionEpoxy monomers are highly viscous liquid molecules that contain at least two or more three-membered ring structures consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms in a way that is formed, and is known as epoxy, oxirane, ethoxyline, or glycidyl group. Commercial epoxy resins contain aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic backbones. The most widely used one is epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A derived resins. But most epoxies are thermoplastic resins that have little value until they are cured with cross-linking agents. The choice of a curing agent depends on a variety of factors including cost; processing method; curing conditions; environmental limitations; and the mechanical, chemical, electrical, and thermal properties desired in the cured resin.Epoxy resins undergo curing in the presence of many different bi-or multifunctional compounds by a ring-opening reaction, resulting in the formation of an interconnected three-dimensional molecular network. The reaction mechanism and the curing process determine the characteristics of the 3D network and its physical and mechanical properties. The reaction conditions and rate of reaction are determined by the nature of curing agent used. Certain hardeners allow a partial curing at room temperature favoring linear polymerization followed by high temperatures during the post-curing in order to produce the cross-linking [1,2]. Usually, an increase in the curing temperature tends to increase the cross-link density and thus leads to a brittle polymer. In general, polyfunctional aliphatic amines, polysulfides, and polyamidoamines are used when ambient-temperature cures are desired. In contrast, aromatic amines, anhydrides, phenolics, ureas, imidazoles, and other resinous hardeners generally require processing at elevated temperatures to effect a cure.

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Core-shell particles designed for toughening the epoxy resins. II. Core-shell-particle-toughened epoxy resins

Cited by 81 publications

References 7 publications

The toughness of epoxy polymers and fibre composites modified with rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles

The toughness of epoxy polymers and fibre composites modified with rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles

Nanostructure Formation in Thermoset/Block Copolymer and Thermoset/Hyperbranched Polymer Blends

Manufacture of Epoxy Resin/Liquid Rubber Blends

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