“…They have a greater propensity than their peers to engage in or be subject to risky behavior, including school absenteeism, risky sexual behavior, delinquency, violence, and substance use and abuse. The consequences of these risky kinds of behavior are extremely costly to young people in terms of their ability to make a successful transition to adulthood and include such negative outcomes as school dropout, unemployment (Kasim, 2023;Kasim & Salleh, 2023a), adolescent pregnancy (Rozmi et al, 2017), addiction (Ab. Rahim, 2019;Ibrahim, 2009), incarceration (Ibrahim et al, 2012), and social exclusion, (Hasanah et al, 2023).…”