Cortical activity in multiple motor areas during sequential finger movements: An application of independent component analysis

Neural Substrates of Contextual Interference during Motor Learning Support a Model of Active Preparation

“…The imaging findings for movement execution also detected bilateral activity in the supplementary motor area, as well as the motor and premotor cortical areas. This pattern of bilateral activity during movement execution is supported by the literature on the lateralization of neural responses during sequential finger movements, which shows pronounced bilateral activation of these areas during left-handed keypresses (e.g., Kansaku et al, 2005).…”

“…Although the sensorimotor cortex is conventionally thought to be involved in movement execution, we can conclude that this activation is not an artifact from actual movement execution because we modeled the BOLD response from only the no-go trials where subjects simply rested after movement preparation. Moreover, increasing evidence from nonhuman primate studies (Lu & Ashe, 2005;Georgopoulos, Taira, & Lukashin, 1993;Kurata, 1993;Mushiake, Inase, & Tanji, 1991;Alexander & Crutcher, 1990) and human imaging and TMS work (Kansaku et al, 2005;Zang Figure 8. Group differences of motor preparationinteraction between increasing signal within the block group and decreasing signal within the random group.…”

“…Although the present study did not use an SRT task, findings from the well-established literature on reconstructing motor sequences in terms of preparation and execution in response to symbolic cues can, nonetheless, help to generate plausible predictions for the current experiment. Converging evidence implicates the involvement of the dorsal premotor (PMd) cortex in response preparation in general as well as for sequence learning (Diedrichsen, Grafton, Albert, Hazeltine, & Ivry, 2006;Kansaku et al, 2005;Bischoff-Grethe, Goedert, Willingham, & Grafton, 2004;Diedrichsen, Werner, Schmidt, & Trommershauser, 2004;Grafton, Hazeltine, & Ivry, 1998, 2002Toni, Ramnani, Josephs, Ashburner, & Passingham, 2001;Toni, Rushworth, & Passingham, 2001;Passingham, Toni, & Rushworth, 2000;Jenkins, Brooks, Nixon, Frackowiak, & Passingham, 1994). Other areas that facilitate sequence learning may be found on the superior and medial frontal gyri (SFG and MFG), which also help coordinate action selection when participants must change response sets (Rushworth, Hadland, Paus, & Sipila, 2002), and also contribute to the coordination of smooth movement sequencing (Kennerley, Sakai, & Rushworth, 2004;Rushworth, Walton, Kennerley, & Bannerman, 2004).…”

Changes in Cerebral and Cerebellar Activation Patterns Induced by Short-term Sequence Learning of a Serial Reaction Time Task: an fMRI Study

“…Particularly, increases of movement sequence complexity showed an association with pronounced increases in the ipsilateral network, particularly in the ipsilateral brain regions. These results are consistent with several findings of bilateral activation of sensorimotor areas during sequential finger movement [19][20][21] . In addition, sequential movements showed an association with intense brain activation in several bilateral regions, whereas single movements were associated with less activation in fewer regions, but with greater laterality 22) .…”

“…In addition, sequential movements showed an association with intense brain activation in several bilateral regions, whereas single movements were associated with less activation in fewer regions, but with greater laterality 22) . Gould et al reported that the pattern of the first fMRI activation in performance of initial sequential finger movement showed strong connections in bilateral premotor cortices and areas of sensory association, indicating bilaterality 19) . In the present study, activation in the second fMRI activation of the training group showed a tendency toward lateralization after training, but not in the control group.…”