Cortical rewiring and information storage

Chklovskii, Dmitri B.; Mel, Bartlett W.; Svoboda, Karel

doi:10.1038/nature03012

Cited by 656 publications

(555 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…However, we can speculate potential underlying mechanisms based on the literature. As in the case of learning and memory (Chklovskii, Mel, & Svoboda, 2004), functional plasticity (i.e., changes in synaptic strength without changing anatomical connectivity between neurons) alone may be insufficient to explain the underlying biological mechanisms of our findings because structural plasticity (i.e., changes in anatomical connectivity between neurons) is likely to be involved in the observed, training‐induced changes in cortical thickness. Neurogenesis may not be one of the underlying mechanisms, as neurogenesis outside the hippocampus in human appears unlikely (Zatorre, Fields, & Johansen‐Berg, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Strategy‐based reasoning training modulates cortical thickness and resting‐state functional connectivity in adults with chronic traumatic brain injury

et al. 2017

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IntroductionPrior studies have demonstrated training‐induced changes in the healthy adult brain. Yet, it remains unclear how the injured brain responds to cognitive training months‐to‐years after injury.MethodsSixty individuals with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) were randomized into either strategy‐based (N = 31) or knowledge‐based (N = 29) training for 8 weeks. We measured cortical thickness and resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) before training, immediately posttraining, and 3 months posttraining.ResultsRelative to the knowledge‐based training group, the cortical thickness of the strategy‐based training group showed diverse temporal patterns of changes over multiple brain regions (p vertex < .05, p cluster < .05): (1) increases followed by decreases, (2) monotonic increases, and (3) monotonic decreases. However, network‐based statistics (NBS) analysis of rsFC among these regions revealed that the strategy‐based training group induced only monotonic increases in connectivity, relative to the knowledge‐based training group (|Z| > 1.96, pNBS < 0.05). Complementing the rsFC results, the strategy‐based training group yielded monotonic improvement in scores for the trail‐making test (p < .05). Analyses of brain–behavior relationships revealed that improvement in trail‐making scores were associated with training‐induced changes in cortical thickness (p vertex < .05, p cluster < .05) and rsFC (p vertex < .05, p cluster < .005) within the strategy‐based training group.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that training‐induced brain plasticity continues through chronic phases of TBI and that brain connectivity and cortical thickness may serve as markers of plasticity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Strategy‐based reasoning training modulates cortical thickness and resting‐state functional connectivity in adults with chronic traumatic brain injury

et al. 2017

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“…3B; see also Elston and Zietsch, 2006) receive more putative excitatory inputs and compartmentalize the processing of these inputs within their dendritic trees to a great extent than smaller, less spinous cells such as those in V1 and V2. These differences in neuronal structure influence their potential for plastic change (Stepanyants et al, 2002) and memory capacity (Chklovskii et al, 2004), both thought to be important for higher cortical functions.…”

Section: Structure/function Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to a 30-fold difference has been reported in the number of dendritic spines (the major postsynaptic sites of excitatory inputs) on neocortical pyramidal cells in the primate cerebral cortex . Because pyramidal cells comprise over 70% of all neurons in cortex (DeFelipe and Fariñ as, 1992), these dramatic differences in their structure are likely to influence not only cellular function, but the computational ability of the circuits they form (for reviews, see Shepherd and Greer, 1988;Churchland and Sejnowski, 1992;Koch, 1999;Mel, 1999;Segev et al, 2001;Elston, 2003aElston, , 2006Chklovskii et al, 2004;London and Hä usser, 2005). However, the Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Specializations of the granular prefrontal cortex of primates: Implications for cognitive processing

et al. 2005

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The biological underpinnings of human intelligence remain enigmatic. There remains the greatest confusion and controversy regarding mechanisms that enable humans to conceptualize, plan, and prioritize, and why they are set apart from other animals in their cognitive abilities. Here we demonstrate that the basic neuronal building block of the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal cell, is characterized by marked differences in structure among primate species. Moreover, comparison of the complexity of neuron structure with the size of the cortical area/region in which the cells are located revealed that trends in the granular prefrontal cortex (gPFC) were dramatically different to those in visual cortex. More specifically, pyramidal cells in the gPFC of humans had a disproportionately high number of spines. As neuron structure determines both its biophysical properties and connectivity, differences in the complexity in dendritic structure observed here endow neurons with different computational abilities. Furthermore, cortical circuits composed of neurons with distinguishable morphologies will likely be characterized by different functional capabilities. We propose that 1. circuitry in V1, V2, and gPFC within any given species differs in its functional capabilities and 2. there are dramatic differences in the functional capabilities of gPFC circuitry in different species, which are central to the different cognitive styles of primates. In particular, the highly branched, spinous neurons in the human gPFC may be a key component of human intelligence.

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“…Because structural remodeling of synapses is thought to be a basis for learning and long‐term memory formation in the brain (Chklovskii et al, 2004; Kwon and Sabatini, 2011), the use‐dependent morphological plasticity of PAPs is of special interest. However, the cellular architectural basis and the molecular machinery that are causal to physiological and morphogenetic events inside PAPs remain an enigma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment

Heller

Rusakov

2015

Glia

134

137

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Memory formation in the brain is thought to rely on the remodeling of synaptic connections which eventually results in neural network rewiring. This remodeling is likely to involve ultrathin astroglial protrusions which often occur in the immediate vicinity of excitatory synapses. The phenomenology, cellular mechanisms, and causal relationships of such astroglial restructuring remain, however, poorly understood. This is in large part because monitoring and probing of the underpinning molecular machinery on the scale of nanoscopic astroglial compartments remains a challenge. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the cellular organisation of astroglia in the synaptic microenvironment and discuss molecular mechanisms potentially involved in use‐dependent astroglial morphogenesis. We also discuss recent observations concerning morphological astroglial plasticity, the respective monitoring methods, and some of the newly emerging techniques that might help with conceptual advances in the area. GLIA 2015;63:2133–2151

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Cortical rewiring and information storage

Cited by 656 publications

References 82 publications

Strategy‐based reasoning training modulates cortical thickness and resting‐state functional connectivity in adults with chronic traumatic brain injury

Strategy‐based reasoning training modulates cortical thickness and resting‐state functional connectivity in adults with chronic traumatic brain injury

Specializations of the granular prefrontal cortex of primates: Implications for cognitive processing

Morphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment

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