Corticopontine projection in the macaque: The distribution of labelled cortical cells after large injections of horseradish peroxidase in the pontine nuclei

Legg, Charles; Mercier, Barbara; Glickstein, Mitchell

doi:10.1002/cne.902350306

Cited by 501 publications

(252 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…We found second-order neurons labeled with RV in cortical areas and in regions of the parvocellular portion of the red nucleus (Fig. 3A) that are known to project to the first-order neurons in the pontine nuclei and the inferior olive (9,13).Surprisingly, we also found substantial numbers of secondorder neurons labeled with RV in the STN predominantly on the side contralateral to the injection site (Figs. 1, 2B, 3, and 4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 66%

The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum

Bostan

Dum

Strick

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

688

545

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The basal ganglia and cerebellum are major subcortical structures that influence not only movement, but putatively also cognition and affect. Both structures receive input from and send output to the cerebral cortex. Thus, the basal ganglia and cerebellum form multisynaptic loops with the cerebral cortex. Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops have been assumed to be anatomically separate and to perform distinct functional operations. We investigated whether there is any direct route for basal ganglia output to influence cerebellar function that is independent of the cerebral cortex. We injected rabies virus (RV) into selected regions of the cerebellar cortex in cebus monkeys and used retrograde transneuronal transport of the virus to determine the origin of multisynaptic inputs to the injection sites. We found that the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia has a substantial disynaptic projection to the cerebellar cortex. This pathway provides a means for both normal and abnormal signals from the basal ganglia to influence cerebellar function. We previously showed that the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum has a disynaptic projection to an input stage of basal ganglia processing, the striatum. Taken together these results provide the anatomical substrate for substantial two-way communication between the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Thus, the two subcortical structures may be linked together to form an integrated functional network. cerebellar cortex | subthalamic nucleus | virus tracing T he basal ganglia and cerebellum are major subcortical structures that influence not only movement, but putatively also cognition and affect (1, 2). Both structures receive input from and send output to the cerebral cortex. Thus, the basal ganglia and cerebellum form multisynaptic loops with the cerebral cortex. The major interactions between these loops were thought to occur largely at the cortical level (3). Recently, we showed that one of the output nuclei of the cerebellum, the dentate nucleus, has a disynaptic projection to an input stage of basal ganglia processing, the striatum (4). This pathway enables cerebellar output to influence basal ganglia function. Here, we investigated whether a comparable pathway allows basal ganglia output to influence cerebellar function. We injected rabies virus (RV) into regions of the cerebellar cortex in cebus monkeys and used retrograde transneuronal transport of the virus to determine the origin of multisynaptic inputs to the injection sites. Our results indicate that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia has substantial disynaptic projections to the cerebellar cortex. ResultsWe injected the N2c strain of RV into selected sites within the cerebellar cortex of three cebus monkeys ( Fig. 1 and Table S1). RV is transported transneuronally in the retrograde direction in a time-dependent fashion in nonhuman primates (4-8). We set the survival time at 42 h to allow two stages of transport: retrograde transport of RV to first-order neurons that project to the injection site and th...

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mentioning

confidence: 66%

The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum

Bostan

Dum

Strick

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

688

545

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“…It is well known that cortical afferents to the cerebellum arise from multiple areas of the cerebral cortex including frontal, parietal and temporal lobes (Schmahmann & Pandy, 1997;Glickstein et al 1985). However, the thalamic relays of cerebellar efferents reaching the cortex are not clearly defined in various species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar connections to the rostral reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the rat

Çavdar¹,

Onat

Yananlı

et al. 2002

Journal of Anatomy

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We studied the cerebellar connections to the reticular nucleus thalamus (RNT) by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the rat. Specific HRP pressure injections to the rostral RNT (1.6-1.8 mm caudal to bregma) resulted in retrograde labelling of neurones in the cerebellar nuclei. The rostral RNT showed specific topographical organization of its cerebellar connections. Microinjections into the rostral RNT, 1.6 mm caudal to bregma, produced numerous HRP-labelled neurones within the anterior interposed (emboliform nucleus) and scarce HRP-labelled neurones within the lateral (dentate nucleus) cerebellar nuclei, whereas injections into the rostral RNT, 1.8 mm caudal to bregma, produced numerous HRP-labelled neurones within the posterior interposed (globose nucleus) and scarce lightly HRP-labelled neurones within the lateral (dentate nucleus) cerebellar nuclei.

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“…The cortico pontine projection is an extremely large pathway, thought to contain more fibers than the pyramid and to comprise the majority of the fibers in the cerebral peduncle (Tomasch, 1969). In monkeys, some investigators have found the greatest density of corticopontine neurons in precentral cortex (area 4) (Brodal, 1978;Wiesendanger et aI., 1979), while others have found the density in premotor cortex (area 6) and frontal eye fields (area 8) to be as great or greater (Glickstein et al, 1981;Leichnetz et aI., 1984). Prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 10) and post central cortex (areas 3, 1, and 2) also give rise to a substantial number of corticopontine fibers, while the remainder of the parietal lobe (areas 5 and 7), some regions of the temporal lobe (areas 21 and 22), and the lateral visual cortex (areas 18 and 19) give rise to smaller numbers of fibers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Relationship between Metabolism in Frontal Lobes and Cerebellum in Normal Subjects Studied with PET

Junck¹,

Gilman²,

Rothley

et al. 1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary: Lesions of one cerebral hemisphere are asso ciated with decreased glucose metabolism, oxygen me tabolism, and blood flow in the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. We used positron emission tomography to look for a functional relationship in cerebral metabolism between the cerebral cortex and the contralateral cere bellum in normal human subjects. Twenty-four normal subjects were scanned with [18Flfluoro-2-deoxY-D-glu cose while in a resting state. Asymmetry in local CMRglu (LCMRglu) in the frontal cortex was strongly correlated with asymmetry in LCMRglu in the opposite direction inThe cerebral hemispheres have long been known to provide substantial crossed input to the cere bellar hemispheres. The largest pathway providing this input is disynaptic, consisting of the cortico pontine fibers, which pass from each cerebral hemi sphere to the ipsilateral basis pontis, and the ponto cerebellar fibers, which cross to the opposite cere bellar hemisphere.The functional strength of the linkage between the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum has been demonstrated by positron emission tomography (PET) scans on patients with various brain lesions. PET scans of cerebral glucose metabolism, oxygen metabolism, and blood flow on patients with cere bral infarcts and neoplasms have frequently shown

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Corticopontine projection in the macaque: The distribution of labelled cortical cells after large injections of horseradish peroxidase in the pontine nuclei

Cited by 501 publications

References 36 publications

The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum

The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum

Cerebellar connections to the rostral reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the rat

A Relationship between Metabolism in Frontal Lobes and Cerebellum in Normal Subjects Studied with PET

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