Cortisol and 17-Hydroxyprogesterone Levels in Saliva of Healthy Neonates

Klug, Ingo; Dressendörfer, Regina A.; Strasburger, Christian J.; Kühl, Gonne Peter; Reiter, Hans-Ludwig; Reich, Andrea; Müller, German; Meyer, Kerstin B.; Kratzsch, Jürgen; Kieß, Wieland

doi:10.1159/000014242

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Our mean data for cortisol and 17OHP also fit with previously reported data in neonates (33 ), although the variation in our values was smaller. One study (33 ) reported wide ranges for cortisol (up to 166 nmol/L) and 17OHP (Ͼ5160 pmol/L), and it is possible that the extreme morning values for cortisol and 17OHP may partially reflect a stress response to the Salivette used. From our own experience, the Salivette is not suitable for use in newborns because of the large size of the cotton swab (diameter, 1.3 cm; length, 3.5 cm).…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Progesterone in Healthy Children

2003

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Very few reference intervals for salivary steroids in children have been established to date (1 ). Even the manufacturers of salivary steroid assays do not provide sufficient reference data for their products. This lack of information is surprising because the measurement of salivary steroids has been accepted as being noninvasive and stress-free (2, 3 ). In particular, psychiatric and neuroendocrinologic experiments are frequently designed with saliva as the medium of choice for steroid analysis (4 -6 ).A large variety of stressors can rapidly affect the adrenal cortex, causing increased adrenal steroid concentrations. For example, hypoglycemia (7 ) or physical exercise (8 ) are potent physiologic stressors, whereas fear (9 ), feelings of inferiority (10, 11 ), or experiences at school (12, 13 ) can affect the adrenal cortex activity as psychologic stressors. The taking of blood can also influence adrenal steroid concentrations in children; saliva collection, however, is almost stress-free (14 ). The use of saliva for steroid analysis in children is therefore an excellent alternative to blood.The aim of our study was to establish age-dependent reference values for salivary cortisol, 17␣-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), and progesterone in a large cohort of healthy children. The availability of such reference intervals will improve the applicability of saliva analysis as a diagnostic tool in pediatric endocrinology.We collected 252 saliva profiles from healthy children and adolescents (125 boys; age range, 4 days to 15 years; 127 girls; age range, 6 days to 13 years) with normal body length/height and weight. None of the girls had developed a regular menstrual cycle. The parents of the children gave informed consent.Saliva was collected either with the Salivette ® , using polyester swabs (Sarstedt), from children Ͼ1 year of age or with modified medical pacifiers (Bü ttner-Frank; see Fig. 1 in the Data Supplement that accompanies the online version of this Technical Brief at http://www.clinchem. org/content/vol49/issue10/) from infants Ͻ1 year. The teats of the pacifiers were perforated, and strips of filter paper, as used for blood-spot collection, were inserted into the teats. The absorbent material had no effect on the steroid analysis in the RIAs, in contrast to the cotton Salivette, particularly for 17OHP (15 ) and progesterone (16 ).Samples were taken three times a day (0700, 1300, and 1900) at home. After sample collection, the saliva was immediately frozen and sent to the laboratory in a cooler. We tried to exclude any potential stressful events; thus the samples were taken only on so-called "quiet" days at home, e. g., days with no school-related stress or sports, or on weekends. All of the children participating in the study lived in an intact familial environment.We used adapted commercial RIAs (DSL), as described in detail elsewhere (17,18 ), that require 50 L of saliva per tube. The sensitivities and intra-and interassay CVs were 0.2 nmol/L (6% and 9.6%) for cortisol, 9 pmol/L (6% and 8.6%) for 17OHP, ...

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confidence: 90%

Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Progesterone in Healthy Children

2003

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“…The range of salivary cortisol levels were within the range previously reported by Klug et al (2000) for newly born full‐term infants between 25 and 55 hours postbirth (0.24–6 μg/dl). There were no significant differences in cortisol level among the three groups at baseline.…”

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confidence: 91%

“…The circadian rhythm of cortisol becomes established in term infants between 8 and 12 postnatal weeks (Castro et al, 2000; Klug et al, 2000). However, to control for any potential circadian patterns, the intervention and cortisol sampling were conducted at the same time of day over the course of the research (between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m.).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Cortisol and Behavioral State Responses of Healthy Newborn Infants to Tactile-Only and Multisensory Interventions

White‐Traut

Schwertz

McFarlin

et al. 2009

Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing

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“…The swab was left in the neonates' mouth for 5 minutes. This procedure did not cause any distress 14. None of the neonates showed discomfortable signs during saliva collection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Stress Responses of Neonates Related to Maternal Characteristics

Joung

Cho

2011

Yonsei Med J

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PurposeTo investigate the pre- and post-heelstick stress response patterns of infants and to identify related maternal factors.Materials and MethodsFifty-two mothers and their 57 infants were studied. Stress response patterns in neonates were collected by measurements of pulse rate, oxygen saturation, and salivary cortisol. Maternal demographic factors and awakening saliva were collected.ResultsMedian level of pulse rate of infant increased from 132.1 to 140.4 beats per minute and salivary cortisol was elevated from 0.41 µg/dL to 0.70 µg/dL during the periods of discomfort, while oxygen saturation decreased from 97% to 95%. Infant's pulse rate change was negatively correlated with gestational age (GA) (r = - 0.37, p < 0.05), whereas the change of infants' salivary cortisol was correlated positively with maternal age (r = 0.29, p < 0.05). GA was the only independently significant predictor of pulse rate responses (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.05). Influence of maternal age on infants' salivary cortisol changes (R2 = 0.09, p < 0.05) was observed in a stepwise multiple regression.ConclusionThese findings suggest that maternal age and gestational period can be influential factors for stress responses in infants. Therefore, it would be important to consider the demographic characteristics of mother-infant pairs to evaluate these influential factors.

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Cortisol and 17-Hydroxyprogesterone Levels in Saliva of Healthy Neonates

Cited by 29 publications

References 20 publications

Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Progesterone in Healthy Children

Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Progesterone in Healthy Children

Salivary Cortisol and Behavioral State Responses of Healthy Newborn Infants to Tactile-Only and Multisensory Interventions

Stress Responses of Neonates Related to Maternal Characteristics

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