Cortisol and testosterone dynamics following exhaustive endurance exercise

Anderson, Travis; Lane, Amy R.; Hackney, Anthony C.

doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3406-y

Cited by 68 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…The TT/C ratio has been reported as an indicator of anabolic/catabolic homeostasis and overtraining [6,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. These authors assert that the ratio between these two hormones is known as the free testosterone/cortisol ratio (FT/C), and that free testosterone is defined as testosterone not linked to any proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players

Chmura

Podgórski²,

Konefał

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The aim of this study was to determine relationships between repeated 1 × 1 small-sided games (SSGs) (variable duration, constant work-to-rest ratio) and the concentration of steroid hormones and characteristic fatigue markers in youth soccer players. Eighteen young male soccer players were assigned at random to two experimental groups: E1—undertaking a six 30 s one-on-one SSGs with a 2 min rest period; and E2—playing six 45 s SSGs with a 3 min rest interval. Capillary blood was collected from the players at rest, after the last game, and 15 and 30 min after the exercise protocol. The variables assessed included serum cortisol (C), free testosterone (FT) and total testosterone (TT). An effect was observed between the measurement times (TT (F = 15.26, p ≤ 0.0001), FT (F = 6.86, p = 0.0006)). In terms of cortisol (C) levels, no interactions or effect between the studied groups were revealed, but an interaction was found (F = 4.01, p = 0.0126) and the effect appeared between the measurement times (F = 11.16, p ≤ 0.0001). The study results show that in all likelihood, longer rest intervals in repeated 30 s 1 × 1 SSGs can reduce catabolic reactions and hence the risk of overtraining in youth soccer players.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players

Chmura

Podgórski²,

Konefał

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Lin et al (2014) reported that IMO significantly enhanced the serum corticosterone about fourfold ($1.554 Â 10 À6 M, compared with the resting concentration near 2.88 Â 10 À7 M) and decreased the serum testosterone level in rats. Other evidence emphasized that hyper-CORT level leads to decrease testosterone concentration in human under exhaustive endurance exercise (Anderson et al, 2016) and in mice under IMO (Dong et al, 2004). To date, the combination effect of CORT plus lactate on testosterone production and relative mechanisms in steroidogenesis is remaining unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Effect of Corticosterone and Lactate on Regulation of Testosterone Production in Rat Leydig Cells

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Lin³

et al. 2017

Journal Cellular Physiology

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The increasing intensity of exercise enhanced corticosterone and lactate production in both humans and rodents. Our previous studies also demonstrated that lactate could stimulate testosterone production in vivo and in vitro. However, the production of testosterone in response to combined corticosterone and lactate on Leydig cells, and underlying molecular mechanisms are remained unclear. This study investigated the changes in testosterone levels of Leydig cells upon exposure to lactate, corticosterone or combination of both, and revealed the detailed mechanisms. Leydig cells were isolated from rat testes, and treated with different concentrations of lactate (2.5-20 mM), cortiosterone (10 -10 M) and lactate plus corticosterone. The production of testosterone were assayed by radioimmunoassay, and the key molecular proteins, including luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), protein kinase A (PKA), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cholesterol P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) involved in testosterone production were performed by Western blot. Results showed that testosterone levels were significantly increased with lactate, while decresed with corticosterone and lactate plus corticosterone treatment. Protein expressions of LHR and P450scc were upregulated with lactate treatment. However, PKA and P450scc were downregulated by lactate plus corticosterone treatment. This downregulation was followed by decreased testoterone levels in Leydig cells. Furthermore, acetylated cAMP, which activates testosterone production was increased with lactate, but not altered by conrtiosterone. Our findings conclude that corticosterone may interfere with lactate, and restrict lactate-stimulated testosterone production in Leydig cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2135-2144, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…Relative to the first mechanism, Doerr and Pirke, as well as Cummings and associates, demonstrated blood cortisol elevations disrupt testosterone production peripherally at the gonad (testes) when cortisol levels were elevated (78,79). There are numerous research studies reporting findings of exerciseinduced short-term increases in cortisol levels (see review articles-references (74, 78)), as well as these acute elevations in cortisol from an exercise session being associated with decreases in testosterone (72,80,81). Furthermore, evidence exists for circulating testosterone and cortisol to be negatively associated with athletes even in the resting, basal state (82).…”

Section: Overtraining Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute exercise-induced elevations in prolactin have been associated with testosterone reductions (87), as have training-induced increases in resting, basal prolactin associated with testosterone reductions (73,88); but the latter is not universally reported (41,89). Nevertheless, resting hypercortisolemic or hyperprolactinemic states are not frequently found in athletes, but consistent daily exercise sessions could create frequent transient periods of such hyper-exposure during an actual exercise session as well as for extended periods in the recovery from such exercise sessions (80,84,90,91).…”

Section: Overtraining Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Hypogonadism in Exercising Males: Dysfunction or Adaptive-Regulatory Adjustment?

Hackney

2020

Front. Endocrinol.

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For decades researchers have reported men who engaged in intensive exercise training can develop low resting testosterone levels, alterations in their hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, and display hypogonadism. Recently there is renewed interest in this topic since the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission coined the term "Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports" (RED-S) as clinical terminology to address both the female-male occurrences of reproductive system health disruptions associated with exercise. This IOC Commission action attempted to move beyond the sex-specific terminology of the "Female Athlete Triad" (Triad) and heighten awareness/realization that some athletic men do have reproductive related physiologic disturbances such as lowered sex hormone levels, HPG regulatory axis alterations, and low bone mineral density similar to Triad women. There are elements in the development and symptomology of exercise-related male hypogonadism that mirror closely that of women experiencing the Triad/RED-S, but evidence also exists that dissimilarities exist between the sexes on this issue. Our research group postulates that the inconsistency and differences in the male findings in relation to women with Triad/RED-S are not just due to sex dimorphism, but that there are varying forms of exercise-related reproductive disruptions existing in athletic men resulting in them displaying a relative hypogonadism condition. Specifically, such conditions in men may derive acutely and be associated with low energy availability (Triad/RED-S) or excessive training load (overtraining) and appear transient in nature, and resolve with appropriate clinical interventions. However, manifestations of a more chronic based hypogonadism that persists on a more permanent basis (years) exist and is termed the "Exercise Hypogonadal Male Condition." This article presents an up-to-date overview of the various types of acute and chronic relative hypogonadism found in athletic, exercising men and proposes mechanistic models of how these various forms of exercise relative hypogonadism develop.

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Cortisol and testosterone dynamics following exhaustive endurance exercise

Abstract: EES recovery may require 48 h for C and 72 h for fT to return to baseline values. Furthermore, C and fT were only correlated immediately post-exercise. Future research should perform more frequent measurements throughout time course.

Cited by 68 publications

References 26 publications

Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players

Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players

Interactive Effect of Corticosterone and Lactate on Regulation of Testosterone Production in Rat Leydig Cells

Hypogonadism in Exercising Males: Dysfunction or Adaptive-Regulatory Adjustment?

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