Cosmic-ray spectra as calculated from atmospheric hadron cascades

History of cosmic ray research in Finland

“…These included studies of geometrical errors in directional intensities measured by counter telescopes, mathematical stabilization methods for unstable resolution corrections (Aurela and Torsti, 1967), atmospheric effect on ground-based flux of muons and neutrons (Tanskanen, 1968), scattering in cosmic ray muon spectrometers (Aurela and Torsti, 1968), a fast quadratic programming method for solving ill-conditioned systems of equations (Torsti and Aurela, 1972), and a special method to study solar neutrons by neutron monitors (Usoskin et al, 1997). For the interpretation of data obtained from the Turku hadron spectrometer, a comprehensive model of hadron cascades in the atmosphere and in the instrument was developed (Lumme et al, 1984).…”

Derivation of Absolute Depth‐Intensity Spectrum under Standard Rock from the Recently Estimated Primary Cosmic Ray Spectrum

“…However in fact the Feynman scaling simplifies the calculation of the production spectra of pions and kaons in the atmosphere. By application of the usual meson atmospheric diffusion equation to these production spectra the muon spectruni at the ground level can be estimated (BAHTTACHARYYA [17], BHATTACHARYYA and PAL [18,191, LUMME et al [20]). The depth-intensity relation for muons can be deduced froni the energy spectrum of niuons using a range-energy relation.…”