Cost‐effective and Facile Production of a Phosphorus‐doped Graphite Electrode for the Electrochemical Determination of Pyridoxine

Abstract

In this study; a sensitive, selective, and simple electrochemical sensor was developed to determine low concentration pyridoxine (Py) using a phosphorus‐doped pencil graphite electrode (P‐doped/PGE). Electrode modification was implemented using the chronoamperometry method at +2.0 V constant potential and 100 seconds in 0.1 mol L−1 H3PO4 supporting electrolyte solution. The characterization processes of the P‐doped/PGE were carried out using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic force microscope (AFM) methods. In the concentration study, using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method, a linear calibration plot was acquired in the concentration range of 0.5 to 300 μmol L−1 Py. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of the developed method were calculated as 0.219 μmol L−1 and 0.0656 μmol L−1, respectively. Detection of Py has been successfully performed on the P‐doped/PGE in the beverage samples. As a result, the method developed has been shown to have fast, low cost, and simple for the sensitive and selective detection of Py as an effective electrode.

Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of NADH Using an Electrode Fabricated by Intercalation of Tetrabutylammonium Ions Into Graphite Electrode

“…Throughout the experimental studies, a length of 1 cm each time was immersed in the TBA + /PGE analyte solution to keep the surface area of the working electrode constant. CV measurements were performed in the potential range À 0.25 to 0.8 V. Amperometry measurements were performed in the potential + 0.32 V. Potential dependent EIS was used to comprehend the electrochemical oxidation of NADH on the electrode-electrolyte interface in the frequency range of 10 5 -10 À 2 Hz at an amplitude of 10 mV [39].…”

Recent Developments in Voltammetric Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Using Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrodes

“…The performance parameters (i.e., sensitivity and selectivity) of solid working electrodes can be improved by the modification of their electroactive surface area. The simplest, easiest, and most rapid way to change the structure and morphology of the carbon-based electrode surface, and thus of the PGE, with the use of minimum amounts of non-toxic reagents [80] (usually only a supporting electrolyte is required) is electrochemical pretreatment, which consists of potential cycling or electrochemical anodization [10]. During this process, the electrode surface is cleaned, and new active edge-plane sites are produced along with the generation of oxygen-containing moieties (e.g., carbonyl, carboxyl, and epoxide) [14,62,80,81].…”

“…Moreover, by applying chronoamperometry in H 3 PO 4 , Dokur et al [10] obtained a phosphorous-doped PGE with improved performances for pyridoxine voltametric analysis, whereas the potentiostatic treatment of a PGE in a melamine and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 mixture resulted in the deposition of a sulfur and nitrogen co-doped graphene nanocomposite on the PGE [63].…”

“…The performances of different types of electrodes were compared while considering the potential difference (∆E p ) between the anodic and cathodic peak potentials and the peak currents. A decrease in ∆E suggests faster electron transfer rates and therefore a more reversible electrode process, while larger peak currents indicate an enhanced A ea and better electrocatalytic activity of the electrode [10,[45][46][47]72,109,131]. Most studies revealed that PGE modification resulted in improved performance characteristics [37,85,128,136,141,147], such as a decrease in ∆E p from 440 mV for the PGE to 80 mV for the Chti/Sn/PGE [69] or improved electrochemical properties in the order of PGE < SNDGr/PGE < Cu-MOF/SNDGr/PGE due to enhanced peak currents and lowered ∆E p [63].…”

“…The electrochemical methods are versatile, non-destructive, cost-effective, fast, and facile, possess good analytical performance characteristics (e.g., precision, accuracy, selectivity, sensitivity, and large dynamic concentration range) [9], and do not involve timeconsuming pre-treatment processes [10]. In electrochemical techniques, qualitative information can be obtained by means of the analyte peak potential, while the peak current magnitude relates to the analyte concentration, being exploited for quantitative purposes.…”