Cost reduction possibilities of vanadium-based solid solutions – Microstructural, thermodynamic, cyclic and environmental effects of ferrovanadium substitution

CO2 Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

“…A good example is the production of V 2 O 5 for VRFB, which has a high impact on the final results, though no established LCI yet exists for this process . In this work, V 2 O 5 is assumed to be obtained from slag from an iron production process by roasting with NaCl or NaCO 3 , leaching with ammonia, alumina‐thermic reduction, and electro‐beam melting . This leads to a high overall CF for VRFB, though other ways (e.g., obtaining it from petroleum or refinery slags or as by product of uranium mining) might yield different results.…”

“…[45] In this work, V 2 O 5 is assumed to be obtained from slag from an iron production process by roasting with NaCl or NaCO 3 ,l eaching with ammonia, alumina-thermic reduction, and electro-beam melting. [69] This leads to ah igh overall CF for VRFB,t hough other ways (e.g.,o btaining it from petroleum or refinery slags or as by product of uranium mining) [70] might yield different results.A st hese different modelinga pproaches cannot be represented by uncertainty distributions,t hey are also not reflected in the uncertainty distributions of the final CF results.…”

The Feedback Effect of Rare Earth Development Policy on Economy and Society

“…For a long time, scholars have emphasized the research in cutting-edge technology and application related to rare earth development. In recent years, three major research topics have emerged in the field of rare earth science, namely, separation and extraction technology [5][6][7], recycling technology [8][9][10][11] and alternative technology [12]. Metals and minerals account for a relatively small proportion of world industrial output, but their supply is critical to the value-added activities of the economy [13].With the development of rare earth industry, many scholars have shifted their researches on rare earth to the economic field and begun to pay attention to the sustainable development of rare earth industry [14][15], rare earth export trade and policies [16][17][18] and regulations [19][20].…”

Element Migration Behaviors During the Reduction of Vanadium Slag for Iron‐Removal and Vanadium‐Enrichment

“…[17,18] The first step reduction, namely, prereduction, was the enrichment of vanadium by selective carbothermic or silicothermic reduction of FeO x and other impurities except for V 2 O 3 , satisfying the composition goal of the production of FeV60 alloy (50-65 wt% V). [19,20] The second step reduction, namely, final-reduction, was an aluminothermic reduction using the enriched VS as received from the aforementioned prereduction to produce FeV60 alloy. However, the reduction of FeO x by carbon was a strongly endothermic process during the prereduction process, which required plenty of extra heat.…”