“…In addition, Figures – were optimized using the NNM with stream splits, while Figures and were obtained using the NNM without stream splits. The lowest TACs reported in the literature for cases 1–3 with stream splits are 1,497,325$/yr, 6,712,551$/yr, and 1,462,323$/yr, by Pavão et al, Pavão et al, and Bao et al, respectively, while for cases 3 and 4 without stream splits, the lowest TACs are 1,403,581$/yr and 1,925,783$/yr by Xiao et al, respectively. It can be clearly seen from Table that the TACs obtained using the NNM for cases 1–3 with stream splits are 0.16, 0.34, and 2.97% lower than those reported in the literature, respectively, while in cases 3–4 without stream splits, the obtained TACs are 0.1 and 0.6% lower than those reported in the literature, respectively.…”