Coverage Comparison of GPRS, NB-IoT, LoRa, and SigFox in a 7800 km² Area

Lauridsen, Mads; Nguyen, Huan Cong; Vejlgaard, Benny; Kovács, István Z.; Mogensen, Preben; Sørensen, Mads Peter

doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108182

Cited by 136 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It is highlighted that LoRa has lower blocking probabilities than Sigfox, however, Sigfox has better uplink performance. Similar cross-technology coverage studies are performed by Lauridsen et al [19], in Denmark for Sigfox, LoRa, GPRS, and NB-IoT. In the study, all compared LPWAN technologies have less than 1% outage for outdoor deployments.…”

Section: Related Worksupporting

confidence: 70%

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

et al. 2019

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Internet of Things (IoT) expansion led the market to find alternative communication technologies since existing protocols are insufficient in terms of coverage, energy consumption to fit IoT needs. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) emerged as an alternative cost-effective communication technology for the IoT market. LoRaWAN is an open LPWAN standard developed by LoRa Alliance and has key features i.e., low energy consumption, long-range communication, builtin security, GPS-free positioning. In this paper, we will introduce LoRaWAN technology, the state of art studies in the literature and provide open opportunities. Several LPWANs emerged on both licensed and unlicensed bands, LoRaWAN, Sigfox and, NB-IoT are widely deployed vital technologies [3].Sigfox is an ultra-narrow band network that is patented and operated by Sigfox. Sigfox occupies 100 Hz and operates at 433MHz, 868MHz and 915MHz frequencies depending on the geographical regions. Technology has strict constraints on the number of packets (140 per day) and the packet size (12 bytes) to be sent. Also, LoRaWAN has similar policies to prevent network congestion allowing channels to be available only %1 duty-cycle for EU 868MHz (See Section 2.4.7). NB-IoT is an ultra-narrow band technology developed by the 3GPP group which can be adopted on GSM and LTE networks. It occupies 200 MHz bandwidth and can reach up to 200 kbps data transmission speed. Compared to LoRaWAN, Sigfox and NB-IoT operated by global network operators which limit deployments of the private networks [4].An overview comparison of the three networks is shown in Table 1. When LPWAN characteristics are considered LoRaWAN becomes a strong candidate for both scientific and industrial uses cases.LoRa referrer to Long Range and a physical layer technology patented by Semtech [5].LoRaWAN is an open protocol proposed by the LoRa Alliance which enables the MAC layer for the network [6].In this study, we will introduce the technological aspects of LoRaWAN and the state of art studies fulfilled about LoRaWAN till today. LoRaWAN protocol was first released in 2015 and had a few minor revisions, the differences in the protocol has been highlighted in the relevant subsection. In the survey, we will introduce LoRaWAN in depth both technological aspects and the use cases of its different areas. We categorized literature studies as in Figure 1. Studies are classified as two main sections; network technology and the applications, each section has own sub-branches. The majority of the work is focused on the coverage tests and applicability of the technology for different fields from large scale smart city applications to personal tracking assets. However, there are still gaps in the literature where researchers can address these problems such as post-disaster communication, decentralized networks, network management, and Adaptive Data Rate.

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Section: Related Worksupporting

confidence: 70%

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

et al. 2019

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“…The final height was adjusted through NEC simulation 19 to maximize the gain at 90 • vertical elevation. The final value was close to 10 , so around 6 m. At the receiver side, the signal is filtered and amplified 30 dB, with a low noise amplifier before the ADC. It should be noted that the presence of strong interfering signals come from the short wave stations, which can easily saturate the receiver if not properly filtered.…”

Section: Description Of the Test Bedmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(NGOs) in terms of voice and e-mail communications, as well as e-health and educational initiatives. 6 Until not long ago, the antennas used for HF communications were large in size, especially for the lower part of the HF band (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). There has been a significant effort in the research of compact HF antennas, with gains not lower than −20 dB that can be used for NVIS implementations, under the premise that a large antenna with a positive gain is placed at the other side of the link.…”

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confidence: 99%

Design, implementation, and test of an SDR for NVIS communications

Porte

Maso

Pijoan

et al. 2019

Circuit Theory & Apps

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Summary Although many physical layer solutions have appeared for remote sensors and Internet of things during the recent years, none of them is suited to very remote sensors in areas away from any mobile operator coverage. In that case, a solution on the basis of near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) with reflection in the ionosphere may be very attractive. Using NVIS, no line of sight is needed and the coverage is much bigger than any other system operating in either the very high frequency (VHF) or ultra high frequency (UHF) band. In this paper, we present a new transmission scheme for very remote sensors using the NVIS transmission technique.

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“…Low‐Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) were developed to meet all IoT requirements, since their main aims consist in ensuring energy‐efficient, simple, and low‐cost devices communicating in long range at a low bit rates. Many solutions emerged, particularly non–cellular IoTs, operating in unlicensed bands, such as LoRa and SigFox . These technologies have a fast deployment process focusing more on energy consumption, very long range and low data rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the number of contending IoT devices in 5G networks: Revealing the invisible

Bouzouita

Hadjadj‐Aoul

Zangar

et al. 2018

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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The explosive growth of connected objects is certainly one of the most important challenges facing operators' network infrastructures. Although it has been foreseen for a very long time, it is still not clear how to support such huge number of devices efficiently. Indeed, although a smarter planning of dedicated access slots would certainly limit the burden, this remains limited since some equipments react to events, which cannot be timed. Moreover, barring some IoT devices from accessing the network, using Access Class Barring–like techniques, is very efficient; nevertheless, efficiency is generally linked to precise knowledge of the number of contending devices. Although, before connection establishment, the terminals are invisible to access points, it is very difficult to estimate their number. A lower bound of backlogged devices can be determined. The average number of terminals can even be estimated with more or less precision, as this kind of problems comes to the classical “balls‐into‐bins” problem, which was extensively analyzed in the literature. However, an overestimation of this number implies underutilization of resources whereas an underestimation may lead to a congestion collapse. In this way, we propose a lightweight change to the standard to accurately reveal the state of network congestion by overloading connections' requests with the number of access attempts (number of times the device has been barred as well as the number of attempts). Using such information, we propose an accurate recursive estimator of the number of devices. The obtained results demonstrated that the proposed solution not only makes it possible to estimate the number of equipment much better than existing techniques but also allows determining precisely the number of blocked equipments.

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Coverage Comparison of GPRS, NB-IoT, LoRa, and SigFox in a 7800 km² Area

Cited by 136 publications

References 4 publications

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

Design, implementation, and test of an SDR for NVIS communications

Estimating the number of contending IoT devices in 5G networks: Revealing the invisible

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