Creatine kinase MM TaqI and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms influence exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels

Abstract

Physical training induces beneficial adaptations, but exhausting exercise increases reactive oxygen species, which can cause muscular injuries with consequent inflammatory processes, implying jeopardized performance and possibly overtraining. Acute strenuous exercise almost certainly exceeds the benefits of physical activity; it can compromise performance and may contribute to increased future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in athletes. Polymorphisms in the muscle-type creatine kinase (CK-MM) gene may influence performance and adaptation to training, while many potentially significant genetic variants are reported as risk factors for CVD. Therefore, we investigated the influence of polymorphisms in CK-MM TaqI and NcoI, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) and C-reactive protein (CRP G1059C) genes on exercise-induced damage and inflammation markers. Blood samples were taken immediately after a race (of at least 4 km) that took place outdoors on flat tracks, and were submitted to genotyping and biochemical evaluation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), CK, CRP and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP). CK-MM TaqI polymorphism significantly influenced results of AST, CK and hs-CRP, and an association between MTHFR C677T and A1298C with CRP level was found, although these levels did not exceed reference values. The results indicate that these polymorphisms can indirectly influence performance, contribute to higher susceptibility to exercise-induced inflammation or protection against it, and perhaps affect future risks of CVD in athletes.

The Influence of Erythropoietin (EPO T<b>&#x2192;</b>G) and α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) Polymorphisms on Runners' Responses to the Dietary Ingestion of Antioxidant Supplementation Based on Pequi Oil (<b><i>Caryocar brasiliense</i></b> Camb.): A Before-After Study

“…Additionally, they also indicate that ACTN3 may not be an appropriate candidate gene to assess athletic performance, at least in endurance athletes. On the other hand, muscle damage can compromise performance, and the cytosolic proteins CK and AST increase in the circulation after exercise, reflecting cellular injury, and can thus be used as exercise-induced damage markers [70]. Therefore, the significant responses for the ACTN3 XX genotype in the results of CK and for the RX genotype in the results of AST after pequi oil supplementation emphasize the importance of studying nutrigenomic effects on athletes' performance.…”

“…It involves a set of characteristics such as agility, muscle power, speed, equilibrium and coordination, flexibility, force and muscular resistance, cardiorespiratory resistance, corporal composition among others, which lead to better physical aptitude [70]. As a multifactorial phenotype, it is influenced by physique, and by biomechanical, physiological, metabolic, behavioral, psychological, social and genetic characteristics [12,71].…”

“…It is estimated that approximately 30,000 genes and approximately 10 million SNPs may be related in some way to physical performance, with heritability estimates varying between 20 and 75% [70]. Although several candidate genes have been proposed to explain individual differences in human endurance phenotypic traits, particularly those involved in energy metabolism or cardiovascular function [10,13], muscle efficiency has been less studied in the scientific literature than these traits [10], and it is also a critical factor determining endurance performance.…”

Association between interleukin 6 -174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism and runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) oil: a before-after study

“…In contrast to regular exercise, strenuous exercise or training above habitual intensity can lead to oxidative stress through the enhanced formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), causing muscle injuries and inflammation that can compromise performance and potentially increase the future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in athletes (Miranda-Vilela, 2012; Miranda-Vilela et al ., 2011a, 2012). Strenuous exercise not only induces lipid peroxidation, but also promotes inflammation, changes in the immune cell count and the release of acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) (Oleto et al ., 2011; Miranda-Vilela et al ., 2009a, 2012; Miranda-Vilela, 2012).…”

“…Strenuous exercise not only induces lipid peroxidation, but also promotes inflammation, changes in the immune cell count and the release of acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) (Oleto et al ., 2011; Miranda-Vilela et al ., 2009a, 2012; Miranda-Vilela, 2012). The synthesis of CRP is, in turn, regulated by cytokines, mostly IL-6 (Moleres et al ., 2009); chronically elevated levels of IL-6 are associated with vascular smooth muscle growth, increased production of acute phase protein and effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, all of which can contribute to an increased risk of CVD (Shen et al ., 2008; Gan et al ., 2013).…”