Critical Loads for Sulphur and Nitrogen

Nilsson, Julia

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4003-1_11

Cited by 437 publications

(199 citation statements)

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“…Although nitrogen is an essential and often limiting element for ecosystems, increases in N r deposition resulting from increased emissions have raised concerns around the world due to its adverse environmental impacts, including decreased biological diversity, increased soil acidification, and lake eutrophication (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Critical loads (CLs) have been widely used to quantify levels of N r deposition that ecosystems can sustain without significant harmful effects (10,11). Twenty-four of the 45 national parks in the contiguous United States were estimated to receive N r deposition in 2013 exceeding the local CL (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States

Schichtel

Walker

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

354

253

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Rapid development of agriculture and fossil fuel combustion greatly increased US reactive nitrogen emissions to the atmosphere in the second half of the 20th century, resulting in excess nitrogen deposition to natural ecosystems. Recent efforts to lower nitrogen oxides emissions have substantially decreased nitrate wet deposition. Levels of wet ammonium deposition, by contrast, have increased in many regions. Together these changes have altered the balance between oxidized and reduced nitrogen deposition. Across most of the United States, wet deposition has transitioned from being nitrate-dominated in the 1980s to ammonium-dominated in recent years. Ammonia has historically not been routinely measured because there are no specific regulatory requirements for its measurement. Recent expansion in ammonia observations, however, along with ongoing measurements of nitric acid and fine particle ammonium and nitrate, permit new insight into the balance of oxidized and reduced nitrogen in the total (wet + dry) US nitrogen deposition budget. Observations from 37 sites reveal that reduced nitrogen contributes, on average, ∼65% of the total inorganic nitrogen deposition budget. Dry deposition of ammonia plays an especially key role in nitrogen deposition, contributing from 19% to 65% in different regions. Future progress toward reducing US nitrogen deposition will be increasingly difficult without a reduction in ammonia emissions.ammonia | dry deposition | wet deposition | nitrogen oxides | agriculture

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Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States

Schichtel

Walker

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

354

253

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“…Nilsson and Grennfelt, 1988;Sverdrup and Warfvinge, 1993). However, the significance of nitrogen compounds in acidification is increasing in parallel to sulphur reduction.…”

Section: Soil Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Approaches to Developing Lichen-Based Critical Loads and Levels for Nitrogen, Sulfur and Metal-Containing Atmospheric Pollutants in North America

Glavich¹,

Geiser²

2008

The Bryologist

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Section: Impact Of Acid Decomposition On Aquifer Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the weathering reactions of silicate minerals, base cations and aluminum ions are released and bicarbonate ions are formed. The rate of alkalinity production in noncarbonate soil material of granitic origin has been estimated in the range of 1 to 40 meq m-3 a-I (Nilsson, 1986).The residence time of the groundwater in reservoirs determines the time available for the weathering reactions. The residence time of groundwater is M. Holmberg, J. Johmton, and L. Maze 53 determined by the rates of recharge, discharge, and extraction, as well as by the size of the aquifer.…”

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Impact Models to Assess Regional Acidification

Kämäri¹

1990

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ForewordSensitive receptors such as soil and fresh bodies of water are at the end of a long chain of events in the process of regional acidification. This chain begins thousands of kilometers upwind at the emitters of acidifying pollutants. The topics covered in this book are important in the study of regional acidification for two reasons. First, it is important to assess the sensitivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to the deposition of acidifying pollutants. If the sensitivity of an ecosystem is known, then international control strategies can be developed to reduce deposition in the receptor areas of greatest importance. This is an important factor in designing the most effective strategies because of the very high costs of reducing emissions of acidifying pollutants.Second, it is important to be able to predict changes in ecosystems for decades into the future, whether it be an improvement owing to decreases in acidifying emissions or, alas, a further deterioration because control strategies are nonexistent or inadequate. In either event, it is important to be able to judge the results of our actions.Decision makers tend to be mistrustful of models unless they can judge their reliability. The application and testing of the models in Part III of this book cover, therefore, an important facet of model building.This book is an ideal companion to another book that is forthcoming from the Transboundary Air Pollution Project at IIASA: The RAINS Model of Acidification: Science and Strategies in Europe. The latter book is a description of the development and use of the Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation (RAINS) model, an integrated assessment model for developing and determining control strategies to reduce regional acidification in Europe. Much of the research described in this book forms part of the foundation of the RAINS model. These two books cover a great deal of the present knowledge about assessing and dealing with a very important environmental problem in Europeregional acidification. R. W. Shaw Leader Transboundary Air Pollution Project Introduction Acidification of the EnvironmentAcidification of the environment is, like most recent environmental problems, a consequence of change in the natural cycles of elements. Some chemical substances that during millions of years leaked from the biosphere are again being emitted to the atmosphere. Owing to these anthropogenic emissions, fluxes of acidifying compounds to the soils and waters have increased manyfold since preindustrial times.The whole problem of air pollution is transboundary in nature; its geographic dimensions are difficult to define. Pollution sources are scattered in many countries, the consequences extending far away. Acidifying sulfur and nitrogen oxides can persist in the air up to a few days, long enough to be transported hundreds or even thousands of kilometers from the place they were emitted. During this transit time, gaseous pollutants undergo a complicated chemical conversion into nitric and sulfuric acids, which ar...

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Critical Loads for Sulphur and Nitrogen

Cited by 437 publications

References 0 publications

Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States

Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States

Potential Approaches to Developing Lichen-Based Critical Loads and Levels for Nitrogen, Sulfur and Metal-Containing Atmospheric Pollutants in North America

Impact Models to Assess Regional Acidification

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