Cronobacter sakazakii, a New Threat: Characteristic, Molecular Epidemiology and Virulence Factors

Detection and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) from North Central Region, Nigeria

“…Contamination of PIF due to Cronobacter sakazakii has been given serious attention in the developed world [16] [33]. In the developing world and Nigeria in particular, scanty work has been carried out on Cronobacter species [34] [35] [36] hence it needs further investigation. No reported study on C. sakazakii has been carried out in the North Central region of Nigeria where the incidence of meningitis and colitis remains very prevalent.…”

Foodborne pathogens in Africa: Understanding Cronobacter sakazakii

“…The successful colonization of the host gastrointestinal tract by C. sakazakii to cause a disease involves a multifactorial process and the activation of selective virulent genes [27]. As part of its pathogenic mechanism, C. sakazakii has an outer membrane protein A (OmpA) (a fibronectin-binding protein for host cell adhesion and attachment, growth, differentiation, and movement) that aids in its colonization of the host gastrointestinal tract [28,29] and subsequent invasion of the intestinal epithelial and human endothelial microvascular brain cells (HBMEC) [30] within 60 min [31], thus crossing into the bloodstream where it causes meningitis [29,32].…”

“…Apart from the conventional screening and identifying C. sakazakii , new rapid molecular assay tools have been developed over the years [27]. Some molecular diagnostic methods of detecting Cronobacter through specific targets and recognition of the pathogen nucleic acid include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method; real‐time PCR; multiplex PCR; repetitive element sequence‐based PCR; PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism; pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis; MLST; multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA); multiple‐locus variable number tandem repeat analysis, duplex PCR in mix with slender electrophoresis–laser incited fluorescence locator; molecular O ‐antigen typing technique; fluorescence in situ hybridization technique; and so on.…”

“…Some molecular diagnostic methods of detecting Cronobacter through specific targets and recognition of the pathogen nucleic acid include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method; real‐time PCR; multiplex PCR; repetitive element sequence‐based PCR; PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism; pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis; MLST; multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA); multiple‐locus variable number tandem repeat analysis, duplex PCR in mix with slender electrophoresis–laser incited fluorescence locator; molecular O ‐antigen typing technique; fluorescence in situ hybridization technique; and so on. These molecular methods can detect specific target genes of the pathogen, thus fast‐tracking the identification of the pathogen and tracing the sources of infection [27]. For example, the successful phylogenetic analysis of Cronobacter isolates obtained from various environmental and food sources in South Africa was achieved using MLSA of the pathogen's strains based on two genes, 16S rRNA and rpoA [64].…”

Contaminação Chega À Mesa: Microbiologia De Alimentos

“…É considerado patógeno emergente, responsável por casos de infecções neonatais, incluindo necrotização, enterocolite, meningite, bacteremia e sepse, implicado no desenvolvimento de infecções bacterianas em recém-nascidos desde 1961. Possui uma taxa de mortalidade de 40% a 80% em recém-nascidos (Mashoufi et al, 2017).…”