Crop-weed interference as influenced by a leguminous or synthetic fertilizer nitrogen source: I. Doublecropping experiments with crimson clover, sweet corn, and lambsquarters

Dyck, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/0167-8809(95)00643-5

Cited by 43 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…II) and surface residue is known to maintain cooler soil temperatures that can slow physiological processes (Fortin and Pierce, 1991). In addition, cover crops can produce allelopathic compounds which may contribute to suppression of early crop development (Fortin and Pierce, 1991;Dyck et al, 1995). Early crop biomass at 3 weeks after planting was not correlated with marketable yield in 2003 and 2004 (r = 0.16 and −0.04, respectively).…”

Section: Sweet Corn Biomass N Content and Efficiency Of N Usementioning

confidence: 98%

Sweet corn production and efficiency of nitrogen use in high cover crop residue

Teasdale

Abdul‐Baki

Park

2008

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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-In the humid, temperate mid-Atlantic area of the USA, crop production that leaves the soil uncovered can lead to undesirable soil and nutrient losses to the surrounding Chesapeake Bay watershed. To cope with this issue, winter annual cover crops could provide soil cover both during winter months and, as surface residue in no-tillage cropping systems, during summer months. Legume cover crops such as hairy vetch can produce abundant biomass and N by the time summer crops are planted in spring. Although N mineralized from a legume cover crop can contribute to meeting the N requirement of crops such as corn, it also may not be used efficiently by crops and could be lost into the local environment. This research was conducted to determine whether hairy vetch or a hairy vetch-rye mixture that was allowed to produce high levels of biomass with a high N content (200 to 250 kg/ha) could meet the N requirements of no-tillage sweet corn and to determine the efficiency of N use relative to that of fertilizer N. Our results show that marketable yield of sweet corn was approximately doubled by hairy vetch in 2 of 3 years compared to an unfertilized, no-cover crop control. However, in 2 of 3 years, hairy vetch and the vetch-rye mix reduced yield by 19 and 34%, respectively, compared to a no-cover crop control with fertilizer N. Reduced plant population that reduced the number of ears per ha accounted for the yield reduction by these cover crops compared to the fertilized no-cover crop control. Fertilizer N was 1.5 to 2 times more efficient than hairy vetch at producing sweet corn ear mass per unit of N input but combinations of fertilizer N with cover crops were less efficient than either alone. Results suggest that growing sweet corn without tillage in high biomass levels of cover crops can interfere with crop establishment, reduce the efficiency of crop production, and allow for potentially high N losses into the environment. cover crops / nitrogen use efficiency / sweet corn / Zea mays L. / hairy vetch / Vicia villosa Roth / rye / Secale cereale L.

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Section: Sweet Corn Biomass N Content and Efficiency Of N Usementioning

confidence: 98%

Sweet corn production and efficiency of nitrogen use in high cover crop residue

Teasdale

Abdul‐Baki

Park

2008

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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“…A previous study (Dyck et al, 1994) has documented that use of crimson clover as a green manure can supply weed control benefits as well as N to a subsequent crop of corn. In an experimental system in which sweet corn and lambsquarters were grown alone and in association, use of incorporated crimson clover residue as an N source as opposed to ammonium nitrate fertilizer resulted in 1) early and sustained suppression of lambsquarters growth and 2) early suppression of sweet corn followed by its eventual recovery to levels of growth attained with use of fertilizer N. As the result of this differential effect on weed and crop growth, the use of crimson clover increased biomass of sweet corn grown under weed-infested conditions by 20% in comparison to use of fertilizer N. Measurements of population densities of the weed and crop indicated that, in addition to suppression of early drymatter accumulation, crimson clover residue may also inhibit emergence of both lambsquarters and sweet corn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil fertility management as a factor in weed control: the effect of crimson clover residue, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, and their interaction on emergence and early growth of lambsquarters and sweet corn

Dyck

Liebman

1994

Plant Soil

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Previous experiments have shown that crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) used as a green manure may supply weed control benefits as well as nitrogen (N) to a subsequent crop of corn (Zea mays L.). In contrast to use of synthetic N fertilizer, use of fresh, incorporated crimson clover residue as an N source has been found to suppress lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) aboveground drymatter accumulation but to only temporarily reduce that of sweet corn. One possible cause of the clover's suppressive effect is the initial low availability of N that may occur after residue incorporation in the soil. A factorial treatment combination of +/-crimson clover residue and four rates of N fertilizer was used in two field experiments to further document the clover's influence on early plant growth and development and to test the hypothesis that low initial N availability is responsible for the clover's previously observed suppressive effects. The presence of crimson clover residue was found to reduce total emergence of lambsquarters by 27%, while application of N fertilizer increased lambsquarters emergence by almost 75%. Lambsquarters emergence was also delayed by the residue treatment. Addition of N did not alleviate the clover's suppressive effect on total emergence or emergence rate of lambsquarters. Sweet corn emergence and emergence rate differed by less than 5% in 0 N/+residue and 0 N/-residue treatments. Applications of N to residue plots suppressed rather than enanced sweet corn emergence. Lambsquarters aboveground biomass accumulation was 46% lower in the residue than nouresidue treatments at 23 days after planting (DAP) and remained 26% lower at 53 DAP. Addition of N did not alleviate the suppressive effect of the clover residue on lambsquarters aboveground drymatter accumulation. Sweet corn aboveground biomass accumulation was not affected by the presence of the clover residue. The results of the experiments indicate that the suppressive effect of crimson clover residue on lambsquarters emergence and growth is not attributable to initial low availability of N. However, given the stimulatory effect of N fertilizer on lambsquarters development, use of crimson clover as an N source would appear to provide weed control benefits both as a direct suppressant of weed emergence and growth and as a substitute for fertilizer N.

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“…Results of both greenhouse (Alkämper et al 1979) and field experiments (Davis and Liebman 2001;Dyck et al 1995) indicate that for certain crop-weed combinations, delaying soil N availability can shift the competitive balance to favor crop growth. Availability of soil N is dependent upon several factors including: the quantity of mineral N in the soil solution, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, the fraction of that SOC that is labile, and the N content of the soil substrates (Azam et al 1993;Mary et al 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results are consistent with those of Barker et al (2006a), who found that corn yield loss due to velvetleaf interference was similar across N fertilizer rates. It is worthwhile noting that previous demonstrations of integrated soil fertility and weed management strategies took place in either of two settings: shallow, low-fertility soils with coarse textures and very low soil organic matter levels (Davis and Liebman 2001;Dyck et al 1995) or controlled environment studies in either water or sand culture (Alkämper et al 1979;Bonifas et al 2005;Harbur and Owen 2004a;Shipley and Keddy 1988). In both of these settings, N fertilizer additions result in reliable shifts in inorganic N concentrations within the growth medium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, different selection pressures have led to distinct physiological traits pertaining to nutrient acquisition and growth, which influences the competitive balance between crops and weeds (Berkowitz 1988;DiTomaso 1995). Examples of these traits include seed size, relative growth rate, rate of nutrient uptake, and biomass partitioning in response to soil nutrient supply (Bonifas et al 2005;Dyck et al 1995;Seibert and Pearce 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrating Management of Soil Nitrogen and Weeds

et al. 2011

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Knowledge of the soil nitrogen (N) supply and the N mineralization potential of the soil combined with an understanding of weed-crop competition in response to soil nutrient levels may be used to optimize N fertilizer rates to increase the competitive advantage of crop species. A greenhouse study (2006) and field studies (2007 to 2008) in Illinois and Nebraska were conducted to quantify the growth and interference of maize and velvetleaf in response to varying synthetic N fertilizer rates in soils with high and low N mineralization potential. Natural soils were classified as having “low mineralization potential” (LMP), while soils amended with composted manure were classified as having “high mineralization potential” (HMP). Maize and velvetleaf were grown in monoculture or in mixture in both LMP and HMP soils and fertilized with zero, medium, or full locally recommended N rate. In the greenhouse, velvetleaf interference in maize with respect to plant biomass increased as N rate increased in the HMP soil, whereas increasing N rate in the LMP soil reduced velvetleaf interference. In contrast, velvetleaf interference in maize decreased as N rate increased regardless of soil class in the field experiment. With respect to grain yield, velvetleaf interference in maize was unaffected by N rate or soil class. In both greenhouse and field experiments, velvetleaf biomass was greater in the HMP soil class, whereas maize interference in velvetleaf was generally greater in the LMP soil class. While soil N levels influenced weed-crop interference in the greenhouse, the results of the field study demonstrate the difficulty of controlling soil nutrient dynamics in the field and support a maize fertilization strategy independent of weed N use considerations.

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Crop-weed interference as influenced by a leguminous or synthetic fertilizer nitrogen source: I. Doublecropping experiments with crimson clover, sweet corn, and lambsquarters

Cited by 43 publications

References 23 publications

Sweet corn production and efficiency of nitrogen use in high cover crop residue

Sweet corn production and efficiency of nitrogen use in high cover crop residue

Soil fertility management as a factor in weed control: the effect of crimson clover residue, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, and their interaction on emergence and early growth of lambsquarters and sweet corn

Integrating Management of Soil Nitrogen and Weeds

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