Crystal growth at the cathode

Finch, G. I.; Wilman, H.; Yang, Ling

doi:10.1039/df9470100144

Cited by 137 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Since this concept is not well known, it is briefly explained in the following. Ϫ X 2 (cosh X 2 cos X 1 Ϫ 1)] [3] 22 ϭ Ϫ 0 X 2 (cosh X 2 cos X 1 Ϫ 1) [4] where X 1 ϭ 2x 1 /D, x 2 ϭ 2x 2 /D and 0 ϭ ϪGb/[2D(1 Ϫ )(cosh X 2 Ϫ cos X 1 ) 2 ] with G, b, , and D being the shear modulus, the burgers vector, Poisson's ratio, and the dislocation spacing, respectively. As x 2 r Ϯϱ, it is seen that 22 and 12 tend to vanish exponentially, but where sgn(x 2 ) ϭ Ϫ1 if x 2 > 0 and sgn(x 2 ) ϭ 1 if x 2 < 0.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recrystallization Textures of Silver Electrodeposits

Nam

Lee

1999

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Silver electrodeposits have been studied since the late 1800s and are being widely used for electrical contact materials as well as decorating purposes because of their high electrical conductivity and lower cost than gold. 1 The textures of silver electrodeposits have been reported since the 1920s. Bozorth 2 reported that 30 m thick silver electrodeposits obtained from alkaline cyanide baths with a cathode current density of 5 A/dm 2 at ambient temperature showed no preferred orientation. Finch et al. 3 found that the texture of silver electrodeposits varied with electrolytic condition and reported that <111> and <100> textures were obtained from low and high current densities, respectively. Kristev and Velinov 4,5 examined the structure of silver electrodeposits using the pole figure measurement and electron diffraction method. They found that the <111> fiber texture with its twin component, <115> T , developed most intensively over the experimental range and the <100> fiber texture developed when mercaptobenzothiazole was added as a brightener.Most recently, Kristev and Nikolova 6 examined the texture evolution in various electrolytes available for silver plating. They reported that <111> fiber component was the major in textures of silver electrodeposits, which was consistent with previously reported results. From these reports, it can be concluded that <111> fiber texture develops in silver electrodeposits obtained from most electrolytes including a cyanide one. It was also reported that other weak textures such as <110>, <100>, and <112> developed in silver electrodeposits. 7 Kristev et al. 4 explained that <113> component resulted from the superposition of <115> T and <111> orientations. But the angular difference of the two orientations is too large to make a peak near <113> by superposition of them. The evolution mechanisms of textures in deposits have been suggested by many authors. 2,3,8-12 But no satisfactory explanation has been found on textures of silver electrodeposits obtained from cyanide baths.Using hardness measurements, Raub 13 investigated the recrystallization behavior of silver electrodeposits obtained from cyanide baths, but did not study texture changes during annealing. One of the present authors 14 advanced a model for the evolution of recrystallization textures in which the direction of absolute maximum internal stress due to dislocations generated during fabrication becomes parallel to the minimum Young's modulus direction in recrystallization grains, whereby the strain energy release during recrystallization can be maximized (see the Discussion section). This model could explain the evolution of recrystallization textures from plastically deformed metals 15-21 as well as copper electrodeposits. 22,23 In this study, various textures of silver electrodeposits were obtained from cyanide baths of conventional compositions without additive and their recrystallization textures are discussed based on the model. Experimental Two different cyanide baths, high and low concentration baths, w...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recrystallization Textures of Silver Electrodeposits

Nam

Lee

1999

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The rate of thin film deposition was also computed according to Faraday's law [35]: (10) where t is time, M is molecular weight, i is the current density, z is the electron valence, F is Faraday's constant, and ρ is the density of the coating species. Using MCS (Monte-Carlo…”

Section: Methodology Of MC Simulation Of Thin Film Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For electro-plated Ni-base thin films, these properties are significantly affected by the texture and the grain structure of the coating. It is known that the texture of the coating is dependent on the composition of the electrolyte [1], substrate [2][3][4][5][6], and the condition of coating [7][8][9][10][11]. Among these, coating condition is the most dominant factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional Monte-Carlo computer simulation of grain growth in electro-plated pure Ni

Uhm

Hwang

2004

Met. Mater. Int.

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A Monte-Carlo computer simulation code was developed to study grain growth characteristics during thin film deposition. The simulation algorithm was based on the minimization of the sum of the anisotropic surface energy and grain boundary energy. The average grain size and the surface roughness of the plated layer increased rapidly with the thickness of deposition, but the rate of the increase diminished with large thickness. In the simulation, it was found that the surface energy term dominated over the grain boundary energy term and consequently a strong {111} fiber texture was predicted. To verify the results of the computer simulation, an experiment was conducted to electro-deposit pure Ni on a Cu substrate. The thickness dependence of the microstructure, particularly roughness and grain size, was consistent with the prediction by the simulation. The roughness increased with thickness in the initial period but became saturated in the later period. Increasing the current density during electro-plating or increasing the deposition rate in the computer simulation randomized the texture and refined the grain size, which was attributed to insufficient diffusion at the specimen surface. In the experiment a pronounced {100} texture was found due to hydrogen adsorption. Minimization of hydrogen adsorption by strong agitation or by addition of boric acid decreased the intensity of the {100} texture substantially, confirming the rationale based on the hydrogen adsorption.

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“…Hence, the true value of the transfer coefficient for the deposition of iron is (44) The concentration overpotential is related to the difference between the actual hydrogen evolution current, i H , and the diffusion-limiting current for the same process, i L , as (45) Hence, aEH,TJc=o 1 aEFe (46) So that the Eq. (44) can be written as (47) As iH ~ i L , the last term in Eq. (47) vanishes and ac,Fe = 1 -aH.…”

Section: The Role Of Hydroxo Complexes In Electrode Reactions With DImentioning

confidence: 99%

Deposition and Dissolution of Metals and Alloys. Part B: Mechanisms, Kinetics, Texture, and Morphology

Despić

1983

Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry

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Crystal growth at the cathode

Cited by 137 publications

References 0 publications

Recrystallization Textures of Silver Electrodeposits

Recrystallization Textures of Silver Electrodeposits

Three-dimensional Monte-Carlo computer simulation of grain growth in electro-plated pure Ni

Deposition and Dissolution of Metals and Alloys. Part B: Mechanisms, Kinetics, Texture, and Morphology

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