Culturable Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Intestinal Bacterial Flora of Black Cobra (<i>Naja naja karachiensis</i>) in Southern Pakistan

Iqbal, Junaid; Sagheer, Mehwish; Tabassum, Nazneen; Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah; Khan, Naveed Ahmed

doi:10.1155/2014/878479

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In contrast to the generally held view that venoms are both antimicrobial (Xie et al 2003;Glaser 1948;Samy et al 2013;Stocker and Traynor 1986) and sterile (Talan et al 1991;Palappallil 2015;Powers 2005), despite contrasting reports since the 1940's (Pasricha and Abedin 1941), we show that microorganisms are common and viable in the venoms of both vertebrates and 5 invertebrates. As with previous work (Jorge et al;Garg et al 2009;Iqbal et al 2014), our data support the precept that prey faeces might seed the oral and the venom microbiome. However, significant adaptation takes place in these bacteria to persist in venom, occurring in parallel across distinct bacterial isolates and host animals probably through horizontal gene transfer, to contribute genes unique to these isolates.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Indeed, Enterococcus faecalis and Morganella morganii have been independently reported as the most common Gram positive and Gram negative infections across several countries (Mao et al 2016;Lam et al 2011;Wagener et al 2017). Historically associated with the oral snake microbiome (Jorge et al), these bacteria are thought to originate from prey 20 faeces (Garg et al 2009) persisting in the snake oral cavity (Lam et al 2011) with a diversity similar to that of the snake gut (Iqbal et al 2014). Yet no 'fixed' oral microbiome was observed in early systematic studies, beyond a seasonal variation of diversity (Blaylock 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Microbial adaptation to venom is common in snakes and spiders

Esmaeilishirazifard¹,

Usher²,

Trim³

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Animal venoms are considered sterile sources of antimicrobial compounds with strong membrane disrupting activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria. However, bite wound infections are common in developing nations. Investigating the oral and venom microbiome of 10 five snake and two spider species, we evidence viable microorganisms potentially unique to venom for black-necked spitting cobras (Naja nigricollis). Among these are two novel sequence types of Enterococcus faecalis misidentified by commonly used clinical biochemistry procedures as Staphylococcus; the genome sequence data of venom-specific isolates feature an additional 45 genes, at least 11 of which improve membrane integrity. Our findings challenge the dogma of 15 venom sterility and indicate an increased primary infection risk in the clinical management of venomous animal bite wounds. One Sentence Summary: Independent bacterial colonization of cobra venom drives acquisition of genes antagonistic to venom antimicrobial peptides.20

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial adaptation to venom is common in snakes and spiders

Esmaeilishirazifard¹,

Usher²,

Trim³

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It has been established that the ingested diet and its oral flora directly influence the oral microbiota of the snakes. It has been proposed that cloacal flora of the prey animals can be found in the oral cavity of the snakes, due to the prey defecating by the time it is ingested [ 9 , 11 ]. Despite the influence of associations of bacteria and snakes and the influence of these bacteria on humans, there are few studies on the characterization and distribution of these microorganisms [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Oral and Cloacal Cavities from Free-Living Snakes Species in Costa Rica Rainforest

Artavia‐León

Romero-Guerrero

Sancho-Blanco

et al. 2017

International Scholarly Research Notices

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Costa Rica has a significant number of snakebites per year and bacterial infections are often complications in these animal bites. Hereby, this study aims to identify, characterize, and report the diversity of the bacterial community in the oral and cloacal cavities of venomous and nonvenomous snakes found in wildlife in Costa Rica. The snakes where captured by casual encounter search between August and November of 2014 in the Quebrada González sector, in Braulio Carrillo National Park. A total of 120 swabs, oral and cloacal, were taken from 16 individuals of the Viperidae and Colubridae families. Samples were cultured on four different media at room temperature. Once isolated in pure culture, colonies were identified with the VITEK® 2C platform (bioMérieux). In order to test the identification provided on environmental isolates, molecular analyses were conducted on 27 isolates of different bacterial species. Specific 16S rDNA PCR-mediated amplification for bacterial taxonomy was performed, then sequenced, and compared with sequences of Ribosomal Database Project (RDP). From 90 bacterial isolates, 40 different bacterial species were identified from both oral and cloacal swabs. These results indicate the diversity of opportunistic pathogens present and their potential to generate infections and zoonosis in humans.

show abstract

“…Black Pakistan cobras (Naja naja karachiensis) also carry and can transmit Bacillus sp through bite injuries and wound contamination (Iqbal et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short Communication Elucidation of bacterial community structure on thin-spined porcupine (Chaetomys subspinosus) spines by denaturing

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Thin-spined porcupines (Chaetomys subspinosus) are threatened with extinction and are categorized as vulnerable. This is because of alteration to and loss of their habitat and possible hunting activities in their distribution area. Their spines constitute one of their defense mechanisms, which can be fomites for pathogens to humans. However, little is known about such pathogens. The present study aimed to detect bacteria on spines of C. subspinosus, from the Una Biological Reserve, South of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, by analyzing metagenomic DNA, isolating bacterial culture, using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique, and sequencing. Six anatomical points were selected for withdrawing spine samples from an individual C. subspinosus. At all sample points, bacteria were detected by bacteriological culture and/or DGGE and sequencing of excised bands. When all samples were combined, standard PCR-DGGE analysis of bacteria present in the spines identified 15 distinct bands, thereby revealing a distinct bacterial community. The main pathogens identified through sequencing were Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis, and B. pumilus. The present study demonstrated the isolation and identification of non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria on the spines of C. subspinosus.

show abstract

Culturable Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Intestinal Bacterial Flora of Black Cobra (Naja naja karachiensis) in Southern Pakistan

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Microbial adaptation to venom is common in snakes and spiders

Microbial adaptation to venom is common in snakes and spiders

Diversity of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Oral and Cloacal Cavities from Free-Living Snakes Species in Costa Rica Rainforest

Short Communication Elucidation of bacterial community structure on thin-spined porcupine (Chaetomys subspinosus) spines by denaturing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About