“…A review of self-construal literature (e.g., Kim, 1993Kim, , 1999Kim, Kim, Kam, & Shin, 2003;Kim, Shin, & Cai, 1998;Kim et al, 1996;Kitayama, Markus, Matsumoto, & Norasakkunkit, 1997;Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Singelis & Brown, 1995) suggests that because the independent source of esteem is embedded in establishing and protecting the ''authenticity'' of the self, higher degrees of independence will be associated with self-oriented motivations for deception. By contrast, it is expected that higher degrees of interdependence will be related to the other-oriented motivation for the use of deception because the key focus is on maintaining relational harmony and on the needs and desires of others.…”