Cumulative Health Risk Assessment: Finding New Ideas and Escaping from the Old Ones

Sexton, Ken

doi:10.1080/10807039.2014.946346

Cited by 13 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In general, most of the approaches used in CRA chemical/non-chemical studies can be divided into three categories: effect-based (top-down), stressor-based (bottom-up) and the hybrid of these two, vulnerability-based 5,6 , which considers impacts from a number of chemical and non-chemical stressors. In practice, vulnerability-based studies utilize existing data and information, and can also effectively address the prioritized stressors without exhaustively considering all the non-chemical or chemical variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and chemical concentrations contributing to cumulative exposures in the United States

Huang

Tornero‐Velez

Barzyk

2017

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Association rule mining (ARM) has been widely used to identify associations between various entities in many fields. Although some studies have utilized it to analyze the relationship between chemicals and human health effects, fewer have used this technique to identify and quantify associations between environmental and social stressors. Socio-demographic variables were generated based on U.S. Census tract-level income, race/ethnicity population percentage, education level, and age information from the 2010-2014, 5-Year Summary files in the American Community Survey (ACS) database, and chemical variables were generated by utilizing the 2011 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) census tract-level air pollutant exposure concentration data. Six mobile- and industrial-source pollutants were chosen for analysis, including acetaldehyde, benzene, cyanide, particulate matter components of diesel engine emissions (namely, diesel PM), toluene, and 1,3-butadiene. ARM was then applied to quantify and visualize the associations between the chemical and socio-demographic variables. Census tracts with a high percentage of racial/ethnic minorities and populations with low income tended to have higher estimated chemical exposure concentrations (fourth quartile), especially for diesel PM, 1,3-butadiene, and toluene. In contrast, census tracts with an average population age of 40-50 years, a low percentage of racial/ethnic minorities, and moderate-income levels were more likely to have lower estimated chemical exposure concentrations (first quartile). Unsupervised data mining methods can be used to evaluate potential associations between environmental inequalities and social disparities, while providing support in public health decision-making contexts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and chemical concentrations contributing to cumulative exposures in the United States

Huang

Tornero‐Velez

Barzyk

2017

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Types of papers categorized as conceptual developments in CRA are summarized in Table 1 with additional details in Table S2 . These include thought pieces on cumulative risk from different disciplinary perspectives, e.g., anthropology [ 11 ], sociology [ 12 ], and health geography [ 13 ]; frameworks and approaches for conducting or designing CRAs [ 5 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], biomonitoring approaches [ 9 ], and epidemiological approaches [ 21 ]; and definitions and discussion of important concepts, including interindividual variability [ 22 ], AL [ 23 ], and psychosocial stressors [ 24 ].…”

Section: Results—human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AL as an intermediary element in health outcomes took on a prominent role in more recent studies of cumulative risk. A number of review articles pointed to a widening evidence base for cumulative risks, and investigation of links between social and environmental stressors [ 16 , 17 , 43 , 86 , 92 ].…”

Section: Discussion: Summary Of the State Of The Practice Of Cramentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Overview of Literature Topics Related to Current Concepts, Methods, Tools, and Applications for Cumulative Risk Assessment (2007–2016)

Fox

Brewer

Martin

2017

IJERPH

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Cumulative risk assessments (CRAs) address combined risks from exposures to multiple chemical and nonchemical stressors and may focus on vulnerable communities or populations. Significant contributions have been made to the development of concepts, methods, and applications for CRA over the past decade. Work in both human health and ecological cumulative risk has advanced in two different contexts. The first context is the effects of chemical mixtures that share common modes of action, or that cause common adverse outcomes. In this context two primary models are used for predicting mixture effects, dose addition or response addition. The second context is evaluating the combined effects of chemical and nonchemical (e.g., radiation, biological, nutritional, economic, psychological, habitat alteration, land-use change, global climate change, and natural disasters) stressors. CRA can be adapted to address risk in many contexts, and this adaptability is reflected in the range in disciplinary perspectives in the published literature. This article presents the results of a literature search and discusses a range of selected work with the intention to give a broad overview of relevant topics and provide a starting point for researchers interested in CRA applications.

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“…In addition to these elements, cumulative risk characterizations can also address the context of the decision the CRA is informing. For example, NRC (see also Sexton) suggests that CRAs be oriented to evaluate risk management options (notably interventions) as a way of reducing analytical complexities. For environmental health risks, the decision context might include the following questions: (1)What are the magnitudes of the risks?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Risk for Cumulative Risk Assessments

et al. 2017

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In assessing environmental health risks, the risk characterization step synthesizes information gathered in evaluating exposures to stressors together with dose-response relationships, characteristics of the exposed population, and external environmental conditions. This article summarizes key steps of a cumulative risk assessment (CRA) followed by a discussion of considerations for characterizing cumulative risks. Cumulative risk characterizations differ considerably from single chemical- or single source-based risk characterization. CRAs typically focus on a specific population instead of a pollutant or pollutant source and should include an evaluation of all relevant sources contributing to the exposures in the population and other factors that influence dose-response relationships. Second, CRAs may include influential environmental and population-specific conditions, involving multiple chemical and nonchemical stressors. Third, a CRA could examine multiple health effects, reflecting joint toxicity and the potential for toxicological interactions. Fourth, the complexities often necessitate simplifying methods, including judgment-based and semi-quantitative indices that collapse disparate data into numerical scores. Fifth, because of the higher dimensionality and potentially large number of interactions, information needed to quantify risk is typically incomplete, necessitating an uncertainty analysis. Three approaches that could be used for characterizing risks in a CRA are presented: the multiroute hazard index, stressor grouping by exposure and toxicity, and indices for screening multiple factors and conditions. Other key roles of the risk characterization in CRAs are also described, mainly the translational aspect of including a characterization summary for lay readers (in addition to the technical analysis), and placing the results in the context of the likely risk-based decisions.

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Cumulative Health Risk Assessment: Finding New Ideas and Escaping from the Old Ones

Cited by 13 publications

References 47 publications

Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and chemical concentrations contributing to cumulative exposures in the United States

Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and chemical concentrations contributing to cumulative exposures in the United States

An Overview of Literature Topics Related to Current Concepts, Methods, Tools, and Applications for Cumulative Risk Assessment (2007–2016)

Characterizing Risk for Cumulative Risk Assessments

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