Current Progress and Open Challenges for Combined Toxic Effects of Manufactured Nano-Sized Objects (MNO’s) on Soil Biota and Microbial Community

Abstract

Soil is a porous matrix containing organic matter and minerals as well as living organisms that vary physically, geographically, and temporally. Plants choose a particular microbiome from a pool of soil microorganisms which helps them grow and stay healthy. Many ecosystem functions in agrosystems are provided by soil microbes just like the ecosystem of soil, the completion of cyclic activity of vital nutrients like C, N, S, and P is carried out by soil microorganisms. Soil microorganisms affect carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoparticles (NPs), and a nanopesticide; these are called manufactured nano-objects (MNOs), that are added to the environment intentionally or reach the soil in the form of contaminants of nanomaterials. It is critical to assess the influence of MNOs on important plant-microbe symbiosis including mycorrhiza, which are critical for the health, function, and sustainability of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Toxic compounds are released into rural and urban ecosystems as a result of anthropogenic contamination from industrial processes, agricultural practices, and consumer products. Once discharged, these pollutants travel through the atmosphere and water, settling in matrices like sediments and groundwater, potentially rendering broad areas uninhabitable. With the rapid growth of nanotechnology, the application of manufactured nano-objects in the form of nano-agrochemicals has expanded for their greater potential or their appearance in products of users, raising worries about possible eco-toxicological impacts. MNOs are added throughout the life cycle and are accumulated not only in the soils but also in other components of the environment causing mostly negative impacts on soil biota and processes. MNOs interfere with soil physicochemical qualities as well as microbial metabolic activity in rhizospheric soils. This review examines the harmful effect of MNOs on soil, as well as the pathways used by microbes to deal with MNOs and the fate and behavior of NPs inside the soils.

Threats to the soil microbiome from nanomaterials: A global meta and machine-learning analysis

“…In acidic soils, NMs typically exist in a more active state, which increases their short-term effects. Specifically, acidic soil promotes the dissolution of Cu NMs and Ag NMs to release free ions and reduce NM aggregation (Mubeen et al, 2023). As soil pH increases, the toxicity of Ag NMs and CuO NMs toward microorganisms gradually diminishes (Schlich et al, 2018;Simonin et al, 2018).…”

Exploring Sustainable Agriculture with Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria and Nanotechnology

“…O 2 − 1 is unstable and can be converted into •OH and 1 O 2 in biological systems [ 69 ]. It can cause an imbalance of the REDOX state in the cell, resulting in oxidative damage to the organism, such as cell inflammation and death [ 70 ]. A comprehensive understanding of NP absorption mechanisms that goes beyond passive diffusion and includes endocytic pathways is required due to the complicated interactions between these components [ 71 ].…”

Toxicity and Molecular Mechanisms of Actions of Silver Nanoparticles

“…Studies have shown that AgNPs can reduce the number of pesticides needed, but they can also be harmful to the environment. AgNPs may have several harmful environmental impacts, including ecosystem disturbance, toxicity to aquatic life, harm to soil microbial communities, and bioaccumulation [48].…”