Current scenario of COVID-19 in pediatric age group and physiology of immune and thymus response

Rehman, Suriya; Majeed, Tariq; Ansari, Mohammad Azam; Ali, Uzma; Sabit, Hussein; Al-Suhaimi, Ebtesam A.

doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.024

Cited by 52 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The oldest ferrets used in experimental studies were 20 month old (8)(9)(10)(11)], therefore no conclusion can be drawn on the effect of age in this species. Some studies suggest that thymus produced thymosin may have protective effect (28,29)]. The youngest animals included in our study still presented a detectable active thymus at post-mortem but its activity and influence on the disease pattern was not explored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Hamster and ferret experimental infection with intranasal low dose of a single strain of SARS-CoV-2

Monchâtre-Leroy

Lesellier²,

Wasniewski

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Understanding the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection is key to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, in the case of severe illness but also when the disease is mild. The use of appropriate experimental animal models remains central in the in-vivo exploration of the physiopathology of infection and antiviral strategies. This study describes SARS-CoV-2 intra-nasal infection in ferrets and hamsters with low doses of low-passage SARS-CoV-2 clinical French isolate UCN19, describing infection levels, excretion, immune responses and pathological patterns in both animal species. Individual infection with 103 pfu SARS-CoV-2 induced a more severe disease in hamsters than in ferrets. Viral RNA was detected in the lungs of hamsters but not of ferrets and in the brain (olfactive and/or spinal bulbs) of both species. Overall, the clinical disease remained mild, with serological responses detected from 7 days and 10 days post inoculation in hamsters and ferrets respectively. Virus became undetectable and pathology resolved within 14 days. The kinetics and levels of infection can be used in ferrets and hamsters as experimental models for understanding the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, and testing the protective effect of drugs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Hamster and ferret experimental infection with intranasal low dose of a single strain of SARS-CoV-2

Monchâtre-Leroy

Lesellier²,

Wasniewski

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…23 During the previous outbreak of SARS-CoV (2003) and MERS-CoV (2012), the infection rate in children was low along with milder illness. 24,25 Thus, the overall mortality was almost 50% of those aged more than 65 years. However, the mortality rate was very less in children and adults below the age of 24 years.…”

Section: Covid-19 Versus Other Pandemics In Pediatric Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: A protective factor in regulating disease virulence of SARS‐COV‐2

Mariappan

Pillai

2020

IUBMB Life

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Novel SARS-CoV-2 named due to its close homology with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiologic agent for the ongoing pandemic outbreak causing loss of life and severe economic burden globally. The virus is believed to be evolved in a recombined form of bat and animal coronavirus with the capacity to infect human host using the ACE2 receptors as an entry point. Though the disease pathogenesis is not elucidated completely, the virus-mediated host response retains a similar pattern to that of previous SARS-CoV. Based on the available trend it is assumed that pediatric groups are less susceptible to the coronavirus. Understanding the possible mechanism that protects the children from hyper-inflammatory or disease severity could lead to better treatment modalities. In the present review, we have discussed the significance of age and sex-dependent pattern of ACE2 receptor expression and ACE2 variants in the immune protective mechanism of the disease virulence. We have also added a brief note on the importance of sex hormones in the pathogenesis of ACE2 mediated SARS-CoV2 infection.

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“…Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria grow rapidly in adenoid tissue [ 11 ]. Interferon (IFN), is a glycoprotein synthesized by host cells exposed to the virus as an antiviral response and forms the first line of defense against viral infections [ 12 ]. IFN, inhibits virus replication by stimulating the production of antiviral proteins and protects normal cells from viruses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IFN, inhibits virus replication by stimulating the production of antiviral proteins and protects normal cells from viruses. In addition, it activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK natural killer cells, and macrophages, eliminating the virus from cells [ 12 ]. If there is a deficiency of endogenous IFN owing to immaturity of the immune system, the antiviral response decreases and viral infections arise [ 13 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study on patients with hypertrophic adenoid tissue, recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections were demonstrated along with high serum myeloperoxidase levels (indicating neutrophil activation), increased serum eosinophilic cationic protein levels (indicating eosinophil activation) and high CD 163 glycoprotein levels (indicating monocyte/macrophage activation) [ 15 ]. Actually, it was stated that one of the probable causes of the milder course of COVID-19 in children may be that the amount of myeloperoxidase is lower in the lungs of children [ 12 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can secondary lymphoid organs exert a favorable effect on the mild course of COVID-19 in children?

Önal

Turan

2020

Acta Oto-Laryngologica

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Current scenario of COVID-19 in pediatric age group and physiology of immune and thymus response

Cited by 52 publications

References 61 publications

Hamster and ferret experimental infection with intranasal low dose of a single strain of SARS-CoV-2

Hamster and ferret experimental infection with intranasal low dose of a single strain of SARS-CoV-2

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: A protective factor in regulating disease virulence of SARS‐COV‐2

Can secondary lymphoid organs exert a favorable effect on the mild course of COVID-19 in children?

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