2002
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01124.x
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Current State of Pneumococcal Vaccines

Abstract: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and acute otitis media in children and adults worldwide. According to World Health Organization estimates, at least 1 million children under 5 years of age die each year from pneumococcal pneumonia. The emergence of resistant strains necessitates the development of an effective vaccine with a large serotype coverage. The 11 most common serotypes cause 72±83% of all serious pneumococcal diseases worldwide. Currently marketed 23-vale… Show more

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Cited by 57 publications
(44 citation statements)
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References 235 publications
(355 reference statements)
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“…The absence of T cell help in Ab responses to PS is due to their inability to associate with MHC class II molecules on APC [8,9]. However, conjugation of PS to protein carriers allows T cell help through recruitment of carrier-specific T cells [10][11][12][13][14] and makes the PPS immunogenic in early infancy (reviewed in [15]). Protective immunity against both invasive disease [16,17] and otitis media [18] has been demonstrated after vaccination of infants with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The absence of T cell help in Ab responses to PS is due to their inability to associate with MHC class II molecules on APC [8,9]. However, conjugation of PS to protein carriers allows T cell help through recruitment of carrier-specific T cells [10][11][12][13][14] and makes the PPS immunogenic in early infancy (reviewed in [15]). Protective immunity against both invasive disease [16,17] and otitis media [18] has been demonstrated after vaccination of infants with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One pneumococcal vaccine (called PS vaccine) contains capsular PS from 23 commonly found serotypes (17). The most recently developed type of vaccine (called conjugate vaccine) contains capsular PS from 7 to 11 serotypes that are conjugated to a protein molecule (26). A 7-valent conjugate vaccine was introduced in 2000 for routine immunization in the United States and has reduced the incidence of invasive pneumococcal diseases in children (25).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, the 23-valent vaccine elicits a T-cell independent immune response and is thus not suitable for use in children under 2 years of age or immunocompromised individuals. Comprehensive reviews of the different conjugate pneumococcal vaccine formulations and human clinical trials have been published by Wuoiimaa and Kayhty [140] and Oosterhuis-Kafeja et al [135]. Pneumococci are genetically very flexible and can undergo natural transformation in order to obtain new phenotypic traits.…”
Section: Pneumococcal Vaccinesmentioning
confidence: 99%