Current Topic: The Role of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors for Placental Growth and Development

Zumkeller, Walter

doi:10.1053/plac.2000.0505

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…During pregnancy, PGH suppresses maternal GH1 gene expression in the pituitary and, by the third trimester, becomes the major GH in maternal serum, playing an important role in maternal metabolism during pregnancy (reviewed by [Lacroix et al, 2002]). It appears to regulate the maternal levels of IGF-1, which is an important determinant of glucose and amino acid transport to the fetus [Zumkeller, 2000], and has been suggested as a major mediator of the insulin resistance observed during human pregnancy [Barbour et al, 2004]. As the secretion of PGH is inhibited by glucose in vitro and in vivo (reviewed by [Alsat et al, 1997]), maternal nutrition, food availability and diet most probably affect PGH synthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex signatures of locus-specific selective pressures and gene conversion on Human Growth Hormone/Chorionic Somatomammotropin genes

et al. 2008

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Reduced birth weight and slow neonatal growth are risks correlated with the development of common diseases in adulthood. The Human Growth Hormone/Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hGH/CSH) gene cluster (48 kb) at 17q22-24, consisting of one pituitary-expressed postnatal (GH1) and four placental genes (GH2, CSH1, CSH2 and CSHL1) may contribute to common variation in intrauterine and infant growth, and also to the regulation of feto-maternal and adult glucose metabolism. In contrast to GH1, there are limited genetic data on the hGH/CSH genes expressed in utero. We report the first survey of sequence variation encompassing all five hGH/CSH genes. Resequencing identified 113 SNPs/indels (ss86217675-ss86217787 in dbSNP) including 66 novel variants, and revealed remarkable differences in diversity patterns among the homologous duplicated genes as well as between the study populations of European (Estonians), Asian (Han Chinese) and African (Mandenkalu) ancestries. A dominant feature of the hGH/CSH region is hyperactive gene conversion, with the rate exceeding tens to hundreds of times the rate of reciprocal crossing-over and resulting in near absence of linkage disequilibrium. The initiation of gene conversion seems to be uniformly distributed because the data do not predict any recombination hotspots. Signatures of different selective constraints acting on each gene indicate functional specification of the hGH/CSH genes. Most strikingly, the GH2 coding for placental growth hormone shows strong intercontinental diversification (Fst= 0.41-0.91; p<10−6) indicative of balancing selection, whereas the flanking CSH1 exhibits low population differentiation (Fst=0.03-0.09), low diversity (non-Africans π=8-9 × 10−5, Africans π= 8.2 × 10−4), and one dominant haplotype worldwide, consistent with purifying selection. The results imply that the success of an association study targeted to duplicated genes may be enhanced by prior resequencing of the study population in order to determine polymorphism distribution and relevant tag-SNPs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex signatures of locus-specific selective pressures and gene conversion on Human Growth Hormone/Chorionic Somatomammotropin genes

et al. 2008

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“…This compensatory reaction to the fetal growth retardation allows the placenta to secrete higher levels of this hormone by stimulating the placental growth hormone receptors and the IGF-I synthesis in placental tissue and maternal hepatocytes [16] . IGF-I possesses somatogenic, mitogenic and metabolic activities in both the maternal and the fetal circulation, which influence fetal growth [11,14] . Maternal IGF-I levels positively correlate with hPGH levels, in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies with fetoplacental disorders [12,13,18,19,26] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hPGH appears to regulate the maternal levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, which is an important determinant of glucose and amino acid transport to the fetus [14] . The presence of hPGH receptors in the extravillous trophoblast suggests that the physiological role of this hormone also includes a direct influence upon placental development and function via an autocrine and/or paracrine mechanism [15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Placental Growth Hormone Is Increased in Maternal Serum in Pregnancies Affected by Down Syndrome

Papadopoulou

Sifakis²,

Fragouli³

et al. 2008

Fetal Diagn Ther

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Objective: To evaluate the relationship between maternal serum levels of human placental growth hormone (hPGH) and fetal Down syndrome at gestational midtrimester. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed samples of serum from 21 women with Down syndrome pregnancies detected at gestational midtrimester. The samples were obtained at 16–23 weeks’ gestation during amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping. Sixty-two serum samples were used as controls, which were obtained at 16–23 weeks’ gestation from women with singleton, uncomplicated pregnancies, who gave birth to healthy neonates with a birth weight appropriate for gestational age. The hPGH levels were measured by a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay using 2 different epitopes. Results: The median hPGH values in the serum of the Down-syndrome-affected pregnancies were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the normal pregnancies at 16–23 weeks’ gestation: the median value in the serum was 9.4 ng/ml (5th to 95th percentiles = 1.49–39.03) versus 4.7 ng/ml (0.53–7.88). Conclusion: The hPGH levels in maternal serum were found to be higher at 16–23 weeks’ gestation in pregnancies affected by fetal Down syndrome. Further investigation is needed to examine if maternal serum hPGH could be used as an additional marker in prenatal screening of Down syndrome at gestational midtrimester.

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“…This compensatory mechanism probably stimulates IGF-I synthesis in placental tissue and maternal hepatocytes. IGF-I possesses somatogenic, mitogenic, and metabolic activities in both the maternal and the fetal circulation, which influence fetal growth [8,10]. Maternal IGF-I and hPGH levels are positively correlated, in both normal and abnormal pregnancies [9,[21][22][23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2008.08.002 levels of IGF-I, which is an important determinant of glucose and amino acids transport to the fetus [10]. The presence of hPGH receptors in extravillous trophoblast suggests that its physiological role also includes a direct influence upon placental development and function via an autocrine and/or paracrine mechanism [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased levels of human placental growth hormone in the amniotic fluid of pregnancies affected by Down syndrome

Sifakis¹,

Papadopoulou²,

Konstantinidou³

et al. 2009

Growth Hormone & IGF Research

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Current Topic: The Role of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors for Placental Growth and Development

Cited by 18 publications

References 217 publications

Complex signatures of locus-specific selective pressures and gene conversion on Human Growth Hormone/Chorionic Somatomammotropin genes

Complex signatures of locus-specific selective pressures and gene conversion on Human Growth Hormone/Chorionic Somatomammotropin genes

Human Placental Growth Hormone Is Increased in Maternal Serum in Pregnancies Affected by Down Syndrome

Increased levels of human placental growth hormone in the amniotic fluid of pregnancies affected by Down syndrome

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