The objective of this survey was to estimate the prevalence, contamination level, and genetic diversity of
Salmonella
in selected raw, shelled tree nuts (Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, and walnuts) at retail markets in the United States. A total of 3,374 samples of eight tree nuts were collected from different types of retail stores and markets nationwide between September 2015 and March 2017. These samples (375 g) were analyzed using a modified FDA's BAM
Salmonella
culture method. Of the 3,374 samples, 15 (0.44%) (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.25, 0.73]) were culturally confirmed as containing
Salmonella
; 17 isolates were obtained. Among these isolates, there were 11 serotypes.
Salmonella
was not detected in Brazil nuts (296), hazelnuts (487), pecans (510), pine nuts (500), and walnuts (498).
Salmonella
prevalence estimates in cashews (510), macadamia (278), and pistachios (295) were 0.20% (95% CI [<0.01, 1.09]), 2.52% (95% CI [1.02, 5.12]), and 2.37% (95% CI [0.96, 4.83]), respectively. The rates of
Salmonella
isolation from major/big‐chain supermarkets (1381), small‐chain supermarkets (328), discount/variety/drug stores (1329), and online (336) were 0.29% (95% CI [0.08, 0.74]), 0.30% (95% CI [0.01, 1.69]), 0.45% (95% CI [0.17, 0.98]), and 1.19% (95% CI [0.33, 3.02]), respectively.
Salmonella
prevalence in organic (530) and conventional (2,844) nuts was not different statistically (
P
= 0.0601). Of the enumerated samples (15), 80% had
Salmonella
levels ≤0.0092 most probable number (MPN)/g. The highest contamination level observed was 0.75 MPN/g. The prevalence and contamination levels of
Salmonella
in the tree nuts analyzed were generally comparable to previous reports. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis, serotype, and sequencing data all demonstrated that
Salmonella
population in nuts is very diverse genetically.
Practical Application
The prevalence, contamination level, and genetic diversity of
Salmonella
in eight types of tree nuts (3,374 samples collected nationwide) revealed in this survey could help the development of mitigation strategies to reduce public health risks associated with consumption of these nuts.