Cyclic carbonates as sustainable solvents for proline-catalysed aldol reactions

Kinetics and mechanistic investigation of epoxide/CO2 cycloaddition by a synergistic catalytic effect of pyrrolidinopyridinium iodide and zinc halides

“…The experiments were performed using propylene carbonate (PC) as a reaction solvent. The rate at which CO 2 dissolves in PC is much faster than the rate of cyclic carbonate formation [20,76] . The order of the reaction w.r.t CO 2 concentration was determined over two regimes i.e., 2.5-10 and 10-40 bar.…”

“…Although these processes have the advantages of less toxicity than phosgene route, however, these are still not economically feasible due to relatively expensive feedstocks and additional steps involved in downstream processing. Organic cyclic carbonates have a broad range of applications such as polar aprotic green solvents [17][18][19][20] , monomer for the production of polycarbonates [21] and polyurethanes [22,23] , electrolytes in Liion batteries [24,25] and intermediate for the production of many other valuable chemicals such as glycol, pyrimidines and carbamates [17,26] . Although cyclic carbonates formation was observed Scheme 1.…”

Coupling Reactions of Carbon Dioxide with Epoxides Catalyzed by Vanadium Aminophenolate Complexes

“…It is worth noting that carbonate structural motifs are also found in natural products . Another application of cyclic carbonates, which has grown significantly in recent years, is as green polar aprotic solvents because of their excellent solubilizing properties and relatively low toxicities. This has also led to their use as electrolyte solvents in lithium‐ion batteries …”

WITHDRAWN: Silica-supported N-alkyl DABCO incorporating different anions: efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the transformation of epoxides to cyclic carbonates

“…6 Cyclic carbonate products are widely used as polar aprotic solvents in synthesis, raw materials for polycarbonates, and intermediates in the production of fine chemicals. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] To synthesize cyclic carbonates, numerous catalysts such as phosphines, 14 quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts, 15 organometallic complexes, [16][17][18] alkali metal salts [19][20][21] and various ionic liquids 22,23 have been proposed. He and co-workers recently described the use of DABCO based ammonium salts as catalysts toward the chemical fixation of CO 2 with epoxides and aziridines.…”