Cytokinesis: an emerging unified theory for eukaryotes?

Hales, Karen G.; Bi, Erfei; Wu, Jian-Qiu; Adam, J. C.; Yu, I-ching; Pringle, John R.

doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(99)00042-3

Cited by 100 publications

(85 citation statements)

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“…This process requires new membrane insertion at the division site in animal, fungal, plant, and perhaps bacterial cells [Hales et al, 1999;Strickland and Burgess, 2004;Oliferenko et al, 2009]. In budding yeast, immediately after the launch of a new cell cycle in late G1, the growth machinery including the polarity regulators such as Cdc42, the actin cytoskeleton, and the secretory pathways are all directed toward the bud cortex to drive bud emergence and bud enlargement while the mother cell stays constant in size [Bi and Park, 2012].…”

Section: Targeted Membrane Deposition Septum Formation and Cell Sepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of cytokinesis in budding yeast

Wloka

2012

Cytoskeleton

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Cytokinesis is essential for cell proliferation in all domains of life. Because the core components and mechanisms of cytokinesis are conserved from fungi to humans, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as an attractive model for studying this fundamental process. Cytokinesis in budding yeast is driven by two interdependent cellular events: actomyosin ring (AMR) constriction and the formation of a chitinous cell wall structure called the primary septum (PS), the functional equivalent of extracellular matrix remodeling during animal cytokinesis. AMR constriction is thought to drive efficient plasma membrane ingression as well as to guide PS formation, whereas PS formation is thought to stabilize the AMR during its constriction. Following the completion of the PS formation, two secondary septa (SS), consisting of glucans and mannoproteins, are synthesized at both sides of the PS. Degradation of the PS and a part of the SS by a chitinase and glucanases then enables cell separation. In this review, we discuss the mechanics of cytokinesis in budding yeast, highlighting its common and unique features as well as the emerging questions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Targeted Membrane Deposition Septum Formation and Cell Sepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of cytokinesis in budding yeast

Wloka

2012

Cytoskeleton

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“…Although myosin II and the contractile ring are essential for cytokinesis in S. pombe (Bezanilla et al, 1997;Kitayama et al, 1997;May et al, 1997;Motegi et al, 1997), they are not essential in S. cerevisiae (Bi et al, 1998;Lippincott and Li, 1998). A possible explanation for this difference is that the primary role of the contractile ring is to guide septum deposition (Hales et al, 1999;Vallen et al, 2000) and that the need for such guidance is greater in forming the ϳ3-m-diameter septum in S. pombe than in forming the ϳ1-m-diameter septum in S. cerevisiae. In any case, it seems possible that an Ain1p-like protein was rendered dispensable in S. cerevisiae by the combination of functional redundancy with Sac6p and the nonessential role of the actomyosin ring in cytokinesis.…”

Section: Evolution and Functional Relationships Of Actinbundling Protmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of a Fimbrin and an α-Actinin-like Protein in Fission Yeast Cell Polarization and Cytokinesis

Bähler

Pringle

2001

MBoC

146

183

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Eukaryotic cells contain many actin-interacting proteins, including the ␣-actinins and the fimbrins, both of which have actin cross-linking activity in vitro. We report here the identification and characterization of both an ␣-actinin-like protein (Ain1p) and a fimbrin (Fim1p) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Ain1p localizes to the actomyosin-containing medial ring in an F-actindependent manner, and the Ain1p ring contracts during cytokinesis. ain1 deletion cells have no obvious defects under normal growth conditions but display severe cytokinesis defects, associated with defects in medial-ring and septum formation, under certain stress conditions. Overexpression of Ain1p also causes cytokinesis defects, and the ain1 deletion shows synthetic effects with other mutations known to affect medial-ring positioning and/or organization. Fim1p localizes both to the cortical actin patches and to the medial ring in an F-actin-dependent manner, and several lines of evidence suggest that Fim1p is involved in polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Although a fim1 deletion strain has no detectable defect in cytokinesis, overexpression of Fim1p causes a lethal cytokinesis defect associated with a failure to form the medial ring and concentrate actin patches at the cell middle. Moreover, an ain1 fim1 double mutant has a synthetical-lethal defect in medial-ring assembly and cell division. Thus, Ain1p and Fim1p appear to have an overlapping and essential function in fission yeast cytokinesis. In addition, protein-localization and mutant-phenotype data suggest that Fim1p, but not Ain1p, plays important roles in mating and in spore formation. INTRODUCTIONThe actin cytoskeleton is involved in many processes in eukaryotic cells, including the polarization of cell growth and cytokinesis. These many roles involve the interaction of actin with a wide variety of actin-binding proteins, including proteins that can cross-link actin filaments into isotropic gels or bundles. Many actin cross-linking proteins have been purified and studied in vitro, but their functions in vivo remain poorly understood (reviewed by Matsudaira, 1994a;Otto, 1994;Furukawa and Fechheimer, 1997;Ayscough, 1998;Bartles, 2000).Among the actin cross-linking proteins, one of the best characterized is ␣-actinin. It was first isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle (Ebashi and Ebashi, 1965) and has subsequently been identified in both muscle and nonmuscle cells from a variety of animals, in Acanthamoeba, and in Dictyostelium (Furukawa and Fechheimer, 1997;Critchley and Flood, 1999). ␣-Actinin forms a homodimer of antiparallel polypeptides (Critchley and Flood, 1999;Djinovic-Carugo et al., 1999), with the actin-binding domain of each polypeptide close to the NH 2 terminus, followed by four spectrin-like repeats and two COOH-terminal EF-hand motifs. Skeletal muscle isoforms are localized to the Z-disk and are not regulated by Ca 2ϩ , whereas nonmuscle isoforms are localized to focal adhesions, stress fibers, and other structures and are typically regulated by C...

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“…These cells divide via a pinch-off configuration, where the cell-cell contact area diminishes gradually (5). In contrast, in confined environments such as during embryo development (6,7) and in epithelial tissues (8)(9)(10), upon cytokinesis, the daughter cells maintain a finite contact area and form a cell-cell interface consisting of two bilayer membranes, each belonging to one daughter cell (11)(12)(13). Formation of the contractile ring and the membrane partition require a supply of actin, myosin, and phospholipids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric Flows in the Intercellular Membrane during Cytokinesis

Menon

Agarwal

et al. 2017

Biophysical Journal

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Eukaryotic cells undergo shape changes during their division and growth. This involves flow of material both in the cell membrane and in the cytoskeletal layer beneath the membrane. Such flows result in redistribution of phospholipid at the cell surface and actomyosin in the cortex. Here we focus on the growth of the intercellular surface during cell division in a Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. The growth of this surface leads to the formation of a double-layer of separating membranes between the two daughter cells. The division plane typically has a circular periphery and the growth starts from the periphery as a membrane invagination, which grows radially inward like the shutter of a camera. The growth is typically not concentric, in the sense that the closing internal ring is located off-center. Cytoskeletal proteins anillin and septin have been found to be responsible for initiating and maintaining the asymmetry of ring closure but the role of possible asymmetry in the material flow into the growing membrane has not been investigated yet. Motivated by experimental evidence of such flow asymmetry, here we explore the patterns of internal ring closure in the growing membrane in response to asymmetric boundary fluxes. We highlight the importance of the flow asymmetry by showing that many of the asymmetric growth patterns observed experimentally can be reproduced by our model, which incorporates the viscous nature of the membrane and contractility of the associated cortex.

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Cytokinesis: an emerging unified theory for eukaryotes?

Cited by 100 publications

References 100 publications

Mechanisms of cytokinesis in budding yeast

Mechanisms of cytokinesis in budding yeast

Roles of a Fimbrin and an α-Actinin-like Protein in Fission Yeast Cell Polarization and Cytokinesis

Asymmetric Flows in the Intercellular Membrane during Cytokinesis

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