Cytokinin Activity During Development of Cotton Fruit

Sandstedt, R. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1971.tb03512.x

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The above interpretation indicates that the first part of this growth period is characterized by a rapid rise in auxin, and the later part is characterized by a rapid decline in ABA. A recent investigation has disclosed a parallel increase in cytokinin activity in young fruit that peaks on the 5th or 6th day and then declines to very low levels by the 12th to 15th days (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abscisic Acid: Correlations with Abscission and with Development in the Cotton Fruit

Davis

Addicott

1972

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abscisic acid was measured in developing cotton fruit (Gossypiuln hirsutunt) by means of gas-liquid chromatography.High levels of abscisic acid occurred in correlation with abortion and abscission of young fruit, with low germination of immature seed, and with senescence and dehiscence of mature fruit. Declining or low levels of abscisic acid occurred in correlation with the period of most rapid fruit growth and with high germination of immature and mature seed. Abscisic acid was isolated and identified from the young fruit of cotton (12,13) and was demonstrated to be an abscission-accelerating hormone of young cotton fruit (3). It occurs in the fruits of a wide variety of plants (see 4, 10); however, knowledge of the occurrence of ABA in correlation with the development and/or abscission of fruits is still quite limited. Van Steveninck (22) found that the occurrence of an inhibitor, now known to be ABA (14), was correlated with the abscission of young lupin fruit. Rudnicki and colleagues found ABA to increase with ripening of strawberry fruits (16) and of pears (17) and during the development of apple fruits (18).In bioassays for ABA the interference of other hormones has been a serious hazard. However, the recent development of chemical assays with a high degree of specificity (6, 8) enables measurement of ABA independently of the other hormones. The research reported in this paper was undertaken with two objectives: (a) to confirm and extend with quantitative data the occurrence of ABA in correlation with young fruit abscission in cotton, and (b) to obtain similar data over the entire life-span of the cotton fruit and correlate that information with the events that take place in the course of the development and maturation of seed, fiber, and walls of the cotton fruit. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe cotton used in these experiments was Gossypium hirsutum L., cultivars Acala 4-42 and Acala SJ-1, grown at the 'Present address: Alina Farms Corporation, McFarland, California 93250.United States Cotton Research Station, Shafter, California, in the summer of 1967. The plants were grown in rows 101.6 cm (40 inches) apart and thinned to one plant every 30.4 cm (12 inches). The cultural practices of irrigation and cultivation were the standard ones of the Station. Flowers at anthesis were tagged on two dates: 6 July (early) and 8 August (late). Only one flower per plant was tagged. On the early date the tagged flowers were either the first or second on the plant; on the late date the plants had numerous flower buds, flowers, and fruits in various stages of development. Fruits were collected at anthesis (day 0) and at 2. 4,6,8,10,15,20, 30, 40, and 50 days after anthesis.Collected fruits were frozen on solid CO2 and stored at -20 C until 5 min before extraction. Fifteen fruits 0 and 2 days old, 10 fruits 4, 6. and 8 days old, and five fruits each in the samples of 10 days and older were extracted. Before extraction bracts and pedicels were removed from the fruits, and fruits 15 days and older were separated into (a) ...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abscisic Acid: Correlations with Abscission and with Development in the Cotton Fruit

Davis

Addicott

1972

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…PLANT (Table II). Based on bioassays and various chromatographic techniques, all of these cytokinins have been reported to be naturally occurring (25,27). To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first GLC-MS authentication of zeatin, 2iP, and dihydrozeatin in extracts of higher plants.…”

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Many research workers have attempted to identify and measure hormone levels in cotton plants by using various bioassays (1,6,7,9,24,25,28). Because plant hormones are present in microgram quantities, the usefulness of bioassays has been limited because of interference of excessive quantities of impurities in extracts containing the hormones (2,14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A single extract contained abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid, and gibberellins A1, A3, A4. A7, A9, and A13 in the first fraction; ethyl indole-3-acetate and indole-3-aldehyde in the second fraction; and the cytokinins 6-(3-methyl-4-hydroxybutylamino)purine (dihydrozeatin), 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-trans-butenylamino) purine (zeatin), 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine (2iP), 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino) .9 -A -D -ribofuranosylpurine (2iPA), and 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-trans-butenylamino) -9-/3-D-ribofuranosylpurine (zeatin riboside) in the third fraction.Many research workers have attempted to identify and measure hormone levels in cotton plants by using various bioassays (1,6,7,9,24,25,28). Because plant hormones are present in microgram quantities, the usefulness of bioassays has been limited because of interference of excessive quantities of impurities in extracts containing the hormones (2,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Identification of Plant Hormones from Cotton Ovules

Shindy

Smith²

1975

Plant Physiol.

162

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An extract from 8-day-old cotton ovules (Gossypiumii hirsutuint L.) was partitioned into three fractions and each fraction was derivatized and analyzed separately. Gas-liquid chromatography and computer-controlled gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to separate, measure, and identify the naturally occurring plant hormones. A single extract contained abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid, and gibberellins A1, A3, A4. A7, A9, and A13 in the first fraction; ethyl indole-3-acetate and indole-3-aldehyde in the second fraction; and the cytokinins 6-(3-methyl-4-hydroxybutylamino)purine (dihydrozeatin), 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-trans-butenylamino) purine (zeatin), 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine (2iP), 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino) .9 -A -D -ribofuranosylpurine (2iPA), and 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-trans-butenylamino) -9-/3-D-ribofuranosylpurine (zeatin riboside) in the third fraction.Many research workers have attempted to identify and measure hormone levels in cotton plants by using various bioassays (1,6,7,9,24,25,28). Because plant hormones are present in microgram quantities, the usefulness of bioassays has been limited because of interference of excessive quantities of impurities in extracts containing the hormones (2,14).Recently, development of GLC has provided a physicalchemical assay of ABA (11,19), auxins (13,29), cytokinins (30), and gibberellins (8), demonstrating the feasibility of qualitative as well as quantitative measurements of naturally occurring plant hormones. Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used for further identification of some of these hormones (15,21,22,31).Computer-controlled GLC-MS4 has been used for identifica- 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-trans-butenylamino)purine; dihydrozeatin: 6-(3-methyl-4-hydroxybutylamino)purine; zeatin riboside: 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-trans-butenylamino)-9-PB-D-ribofuranosylpurine; 2iP: 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine; 2iPA: 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-9-fl-D-ribofuranosylpurine: 3iPA: 6-(3-methyl-3-butenylamino)-9-I3-D-ribofuranosylpurine.tion of cytokinins (31), gibberellins, and ABA (21). Abscisic acid (11) and IAA (32) have been identified from cotton tissues by GLC but we have found no report in which ABA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins were measured in a single extract by physical-chemical assays.The objective of this investigation was to utilize GLC and computer-controlled GLC-MS to separate, identify, and measure individual plant hormones of four major groups from a single extract of ovules from 8-day-old cotton fruit. MATERIALS AND METHODSCotton plants (Gossypiu,n hirsutum L., cv. Acala SJ-1) were grown in a greenhouse. Cotton flowers were tagged at anthesis and bolls were harvested 8 days thereafter. The developing ovules were separated from the fruits, frozen immediately on Dry Ice, and stored at -20 C until the time of extraction. Extraction Procedure. In different experiments, 2 to 5 g of frozen ovules were ground in cold 80% (v/v) aqueous methanol with a mortar and pestle. The macerate was transferred to a fla...

show abstract

“…Then, 11 days after pollination, there appeared another cytokinin, zeatin ribonucleotide, which migrated on paper chromatograms to Rf 0.2-0.4. This sequence does not occur in the developing cotton fruit, however (Sandstedt 1971). The first detectable cytokinin activity, and that which predominates throughout the period of rapid growth, remains near the origin of paper chromatograms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Relative Activities of Some Cytokinin Fractions of Developing Cotton Fruit

Sandstedt

1974

Physiologia Plantarum

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ion‐exchange fractionization, paper chromatography, and soybean callus bioassay have partly resolved an apparent discrepancy in the sequence of cytokinin appearance in developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruit compared to the sequence reported in corn (Zea mays L.). Cotton fruit cytokinins were separated into three fractions: A combined n‐butanol and ethylacetate extractable fraction comprisedc. 10% of the cytokinin activity, a fraction not retained by a polymethacrylate weakly acidic cation‐exchange resin comprised c. 45%, and a fraction that was retained by the resin, c. 45%. The latter fraction differs from cytokinin fractions reported in corn. However, like cytokinin ribonucleotides, its cytokinin activity remains below Rf 0.3 on paper chromatograms developed with water‐saturated sec‐butanol, thus complicating studies of sequential cytokinin appearance in cotton. An anion‐exchange resin did not retain the cytokinin activity of this fraction.

show abstract

Cytokinin Activity During Development of Cotton Fruit

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Abscisic Acid: Correlations with Abscission and with Development in the Cotton Fruit

Abscisic Acid: Correlations with Abscission and with Development in the Cotton Fruit

Identification of Plant Hormones from Cotton Ovules

Relative Activities of Some Cytokinin Fractions of Developing Cotton Fruit

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About