Cytoskeletal Chirality: Swirling Cells Tell Left from Right

Mogilner, Alex; Fogelson, Ben

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.039

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Contrary to expectations based on existing models [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], we discovered asymmetric gene expression in 2- and 4-cell snail embryos, preceding morphological asymmetry. As the formin-actin filament has been shown to be part of an asymmetry-breaking switch in vitro [ 6 , 7 ], together these results are consistent with the view that animals with diverse body plans may derive their asymmetries from the same intracellular chiral elements [ 8 ].…”

supporting

confidence: 72%

“…The implication of a key cytoskeletal protein in LR patterning of both molluscan and vertebrate embryos is consistent with a view of asymmetry as a highly conserved, ancient property in which diverse body plans leverage asymmetry from the same intracellular chiral elements. Bilaterian LR asymmetry may be dependent upon the physical orientation of the actin cytoskeleton, which, by exerting mechanical stresses on the cell, results in helical rotation [ 6 , 7 ]. While multiple elements potentially contribute to the establishment of this asymmetry, formins may have pivotal roles in coordinating functions that depend upon both the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton [ 7 , 30 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formin Is Associated with Left-Right Asymmetry in the Pond Snail and the Frog

et al. 2016

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SummaryWhile components of the pathway that establishes left-right asymmetry have been identified in diverse animals, from vertebrates to flies, it is striking that the genes involved in the first symmetry-breaking step remain wholly unknown in the most obviously chiral animals, the gastropod snails. Previously, research on snails was used to show that left-right signaling of Nodal, downstream of symmetry breaking, may be an ancestral feature of the Bilateria [1, 2]. Here, we report that a disabling mutation in one copy of a tandemly duplicated, diaphanous-related formin is perfectly associated with symmetry breaking in the pond snail. This is supported by the observation that an anti-formin drug treatment converts dextral snail embryos to a sinistral phenocopy, and in frogs, drug inhibition or overexpression by microinjection of formin has a chirality-randomizing effect in early (pre-cilia) embryos. Contrary to expectations based on existing models [3, 4, 5], we discovered asymmetric gene expression in 2- and 4-cell snail embryos, preceding morphological asymmetry. As the formin-actin filament has been shown to be part of an asymmetry-breaking switch in vitro [6, 7], together these results are consistent with the view that animals with diverse body plans may derive their asymmetries from the same intracellular chiral elements [8].

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supporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formin Is Associated with Left-Right Asymmetry in the Pond Snail and the Frog

et al. 2016

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“…[4,5] Meas uring chiroptical response is a critical method to identify enan tiomers, and is important in life science, analytical chemistry, biochemistry and medical science. [6][7][8][9] The difference of both real and imaginary parts of the refrac tive index of the chiral material results in distinct phase delay structures. Understanding the origin of these chiroptical effects allows easier design of nanostructures and control of chiral interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmonic Chiral Nanostructures: Chiroptical Effects and Applications

Luo

Chi

Jiang

et al. 2017

Advanced Optical Materials

170

122

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(circular birefringence) and absorption losses (circular dichroism) with the circu larly polarized light (CPL) illumination. [10] CB arises from the difference in the real part of refractive index, leading to a dif ferent velocity for LCP and RCP compo nents, and thus results in the polarization rotation of the linearly polarized incident light. CD corresponds to the difference in the imaginary part of refractive index, resulting in a distinct absorption loss for LCP and RCP excitations. Besides the con ventional CD and CB, asymmetric trans mission (circular conversion dichroism) is another fundamental chiroptical pheno menon, which exists in the nondiffracting array, referring to different LCPtoRCP and RCPtoLCP conversion efficiencies. [11] All of these chiroptical phenomena have been successfully applied in the spectros copy for identifying special arrangements of chiral matters in biology, chemistry and physics as efficient diagnostic tools. [12][13][14][15][16] However, the chirop tical response in natural chiral materials is relatively weak due to the small electromagnetic (EM) interaction volume, [17] hence limits its further applications.Recent progress in plasmonics paves the way for the enhancement of chiroptical response. [18][19][20] Surface plasmons (SPs), as the collective electrons oscillation at the dielectric and metal interface, [21][22][23] present the capacity of light confine ment and field enhancement, which significantly improve the strength of lightmatter interactions. [24][25][26][27][28] With the uptodate nanofabrication technology, the study field of chirality has been extended from traditional chiral molecules to 3D metallic nanostructures. [29][30][31][32] Chiroptical responses of metallic meta molecules have been widely investigated, [33][34][35] and applied in various fields, such as biosensing, [36] chiral catalysis, [37] polari zation tuning, [38] and chiral photo detection.[39] The 3D metallic structure exhibited giant optical activity response because of the strong interaction between electric and magnetic resonant modes. [40,41] Different from 3D chiral ensembles, planar chiral structures show none chiral effect, as they can always coincide with their mirror images. However, 2D chirality was successfully found in the quasitwodimensional (quasi2D) chiral structure. [42] Moreover, recent reports show that even achiral nanomaterials have the ability to generate strong CD under an oblique CPL illumination. [43] This kind of extrinsic chirality arises from sym metry breaking of the incident light and the quasi2D material, which is quite different from the intrinsic chirality of 3D chiral The plasmonic chiroptical effect has been used to manipulate chiral states of light, where the strong field enhancement and light localization in metallic nanostructures can amplify the chiroptical response. Moreover, in metamaterials, the chiroptical effect leads to circular dichroism (CD), circular birefringence (CB), and asymmetric transmission. Potential applications enabled by chiral plasmonics...

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“…Formins are a large family of eukaryotic proteins that regulate both actin-and microtubule-based cytoskeletal elements [10]: they are known to promote the polymerization of actin filaments and to stabilize existing microtubules. The idea that changes in chirality at the macroscopic level should be due to subcellular processes that are themselves chiral has captivated biologists for some time [11]. And the cytoskeleton has emerged as a prime spot to look, not the least because actin filaments and microtubules are chiral [12].…”

Section: Chirality and Causalitymentioning

confidence: 99%