Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) as an undetermined tool in tumor cells

Azimnasab-Sorkhabi, Parviz; Soltani-Asl, Maryam; Kfoury, José Roberto

doi:10.1007/s13577-023-00893-8

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…CTLA-4, an important immune checkpoint, is upregulated in activated T cells and suppresses cancer immune responses [31,32]. Recent studies have consistently shown enhanced CTLA-4 protein expression in tumor cells of various human cancer tissues [33][34][35], consistent with our ndings and indicating a potential association with poor patient prognosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

PLCXD2 expression relates to the immune microenvironment and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Han,

Tang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Objective — Despite the advances in oncology, the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) patients remains dismal. In this study, we aimed to determine the relevance of PLCXD2 expression in the tumor microenvironment to the HNSC patient clinicopathological features. Methods — Gene expression analysis and multicolor immunofluorescence histochemistry with HNSC tissuemicroarrays were conducted to examine the relation between PLCXD2 expression and patient outcomes. Additionally, Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between PLCXD2 protein expression and tumor immune infiltrating cells (TIICs), as well as immune checkpoints (PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4) in HNSC tissue, while Chi-square test and Cox proportional-hazards models were employed to validate the correlation between PLCXD2 protein levels and clinicopathological characteristics with patient survival. Results — Our findings revealed higher PLCXD2 expression in HNSC tissue compared to control benign tissues. Additionally, we observed a distinct association between the presence of PLCXD2 protein in cancer nests and various TIICs, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, as well as CTLA-4+ cells in HNSC tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrated a correlation between PLCXD2 protein expression in cancer cells and advanced TNM stage, as well as a poorer prognosis. Conclusion — Taken together, this study supports PLCXD2 as an independent prognostic marker and a potentially promising target for immunotherapy in HNSC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

PLCXD2 expression relates to the immune microenvironment and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Han,

Tang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Furthermore, the combination of CD47 mAb and ferumoxytol-loaded nanostructures can enhance the anti-tumor OS/M1 ratio [ 127 ]. CTLA-4 (aka CD152) is regarded as overexpressed in the OS-TME [ 128 ]. The synergistic application of CTLA-4 inhibitors with nanoparticles provides insights for OS treatment [ 129 ].…”

Section: Conventional Nanoparticle-based Therapy and Engineered Immun...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotherapy Innovations in the Fight against Osteosarcoma: Emerging Strategies and Promising Progress

Cheng,

Wang,

Kang

et al. 2024

Pharmaceutics

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Immunosuppressive elements within the tumor microenvironment are the primary drivers of tumorigenesis and malignant advancement. The presence, as well as the crosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), osteosarcoma-associated macrophages (OS-Ms), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and endothelial cells (ECs) with osteosarcoma cells cause the poor prognosis of OS. In addition, the consequent immunosuppressive factors favor the loss of treatment potential. Nanoparticles offer a means to dynamically and locally manipulate immuno-nanoparticles, which present a promising strategy for transforming OS-TME. Additionally, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology is effective in combating OS. This review summarizes the essential mechanisms of immunosuppressive cells in the OS-TME and the current immune-associated strategies. The last part highlights the limitations of existing therapies and offers insights into future research directions.

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“…Checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) [58] and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) [59], are involved in regulating immune responses and preventing excessive immune activation [60]. They act as "brakes" on immune cells and can inhibit their activation and effector functions [60].…”

Section: The Main Features Of Immune Regulation: Aspects Molecules An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The immune system employs feedback mechanisms to regulate its own activity. Various immune cells and molecules can produce inhibitory or activating signals that modulate the immune response [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][56][57][58][59][60]. These feedback mechanisms help maintain immune balance and prevent excessive or prolonged immune activation [44][45][46].…”

Section: The Main Features Of Immune Regulation: Aspects Molecules An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scientific literature has highlighted the role of numerous cells with regulatory functions of the immune response. In this sense, the aforementioned characteristics of immune plasticity make it highly probable that immune regulation is mediated by a large and non-definitive number of cells functionally capable of being involved in immune regulation [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60].…”

Section: The Main Features Of Immune Regulation: Aspects Molecules An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulatory TR3-56 Cells in the Complex Panorama of Immune Activation and Regulation

Carriero,

Rubino,

Leone

et al. 2023

Cells

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The interplay between immune activation and immune regulation is a fundamental aspect of the functional harmony of the immune system. This delicate balance is essential to triggering correct and effective immune responses against pathogens while preventing excessive inflammation and the immunopathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity. The knowledge of all the mechanisms involved in immune regulation is not yet definitive, and, probably, the overall picture is much broader than what has been described in the scientific literature so far. Given the plasticity of the immune system and the diversity of organisms, it is highly probable that numerous other cells and molecules are still to be ascribed to the immune regulation process. Here, we report a general overview of how immune activation and regulation interact, based on the involvement of molecules and cells specifically dedicated to these processes. In addition, we discuss the role of TR3-56 lymphocytes as a new cellular candidate in the immune regulation landscape.

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Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) as an undetermined tool in tumor cells

Cited by 10 publications

References 62 publications

PLCXD2 expression relates to the immune microenvironment and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

PLCXD2 expression relates to the immune microenvironment and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Immunotherapy Innovations in the Fight against Osteosarcoma: Emerging Strategies and Promising Progress

Regulatory TR3-56 Cells in the Complex Panorama of Immune Activation and Regulation

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