Decay development in living sapwood of coniferous and deciduous trees inoculated with six wood decay fungi

Deflorio, Giuliana; Johnson, Craig R.; Fink, Siegfried; Schwarze, Francis W. M. R.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.12.040

Cited by 55 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…These results appear to be consistent with the reported strengths of each wall (Shigo 1975(Shigo , 1976. In addition, the relative effectiveness of the responses in this study support earlier studies of sapwood discoloration in inoculated Douglas-fir (Deflorio et al 2007). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Histochemical and geometric alterations of sapwood in coastal Douglas-fir following mechanical damage during commercial thinning

Kiser¹

2011

Silva Fenn.

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Kiser, J. 2011. Histochemical and geometric alterations of sapwood in coastal Douglas-fir following mechanical damage during commercial thinning. Silva Fennica 45(4): 729-741.Histochemical and geometric alterations to sapwood in mechanically damaged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirbel] Franco) trees were quantified 14 years after thinning. Discoloration and decay were measured in felled damaged and undamaged trees. Compartmentalized walls were identified and measured macroscopically. Sapwood to heartwood ratio was measured incrementally along the boles.Results showed a distinct reaction zone forming at the time of injury. Compartmentalized walls 1-3 were less distinct and heavily resinous streaking was evident in extant tissues, particularly in the axial direction. Post-damaged sapwood was burl-like for 4-6 years and tracheids contained resin-filled lumina. Damaged wood volumes were modeled by multiple regression. Wound depth, wound area, and diameter inside bark (DIB) accounted for 73% of the discolored volume (p = 0.02). DIB alone accounted for just over 55% of the response. Postdamaged sapwood averaged 15 mm (SE = 2.3 mm) greater in width on the side opposite the damage along the length of the boards. Wound area explained just over 65% of this response (p = 0.003). Sapwood area was not significantly different between damaged and control trees (p = 0.56). Results indicate that wounded Douglas-fir trees may slow conversion of sapwood to heartwood on the bole side opposite the wound, possibly as a response to maintain sapwood area necessary for physiological maintenance of the existing crown. About 19% of the lower bole volume in damaged trees was affected by discoloration and secondarily by structural changes. Reduction in value of the lower log can be as high as 19% by conventional bucking practices. Alternatives are presented to reduce the value loss to between 2.5% to 3.5%.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Histochemical and geometric alterations of sapwood in coastal Douglas-fir following mechanical damage during commercial thinning

Kiser¹

2011

Silva Fenn.

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“…Deflorio, Johnson, Fink, and Schwarze (2008) and reported that Douglas fir and oak are more resistant than beech to decay. Similar findings were reported previously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar findings were reported previously. Deflorio, Johnson, Fink, and Schwarze (2008) and reported that Douglas fir and oak are more resistant than beech to decay. In contrast to Douglas fir and oak, the sapwood of beech was highly susceptible to decay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of wood‐decay fungi and assessment of damage in log depots of Western Black Sea Region (Turkey)

2019

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The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the wood‐decay fungi found on logs of forest tree species (beech, oak, hornbeam, Scots pine and fir) stored in log depots located in six different provinces in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Additionally, it was aimed to determine the natural durability of some important wood species against the most commonly detected wood‐decay fungi. Eighteen families, 31 genera and 45 species belonging to the division Basidiomycota were detected; Antrodia crassa was identified for the first time in Turkey. The abundance of Panus neostrigosus, Polyporus meridionalis, Trametes hirsuta, T. versicolor and Stereum hirsutumincreased significantly with the holding time of the logs (r = 0.99, 0.87, 0.53, 0.57 and 0.78, respectively, p < 0.05). The majority of the fungal species were detected on logs stored in depots for 4–6 years (66%). The percentage of fungal species found on the logs with a holding time of three years or less was 29%, whereas the percentage for those detected on logs stored for seven or more years was 31%. Among the wood species, the greatest number of fungal species (29) and highest amount of fungi (2,539) occurred on beech wood. Natural durability tests showed that T. versicolor caused the greatest loss of wood mass, with an average of 23%. Field studies and natural durability tests performed in the laboratory showed that beech wood lost the most mass among the timber species studied.

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“…However, given the right conditions, these species can become pathogenic (weak to moderately), where the integrity of reaction zones can be compromised, although they are usually upheld. Studies only document wood decay fungi that are weakly (saprotrophic) or strongly invasive (facultative pathogenic; Deflorio et al, 2008). For instance, a definite feature of highly invasive wood fungi is their preference to selectively degrade polyphenols (e.g., Ganoderma adspersum, Phellinus noxius ), whereas saprotrophic fungi such as Ganoderma lipiense (Supplementary Table S1) and most brown rot fungi do not breakdown the latter substances.…”

Section: Rap and Fungal Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Parenchyma of Secondary Xylem and Its Critical Role in Tree Defense against Fungal Decay in Relation to the CODIT Model

et al. 2016

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This review examines the roles that ray and axial parenchyma (RAP) plays against fungal pathogens in the secondary xylem of wood within the context of the CODIT model (Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees), a defense concept first conceived in the early 1970s by Alex Shigo. This model, simplistic in its design, shows how a large woody perennial is highly compartmented. Anatomical divisions in place at the time of infection or damage, (physical defense) alongside the ‘active’ response by the RAP during and after wounding work together in forming boundaries that function to restrict air or decay spread. The living parenchyma cells play a critical role in all of the four walls (differing anatomical constructs) that the model comprises. To understand how living cells in each of the walls of CODIT cooperate, we must have a clear vision of their complex interconnectivity from a three-dimensional perspective, along with knowledge of the huge variation in ray parenchyma (RP) and axial parenchyma (AP) abundance and patterns. Crucial patterns for defense encompass the symplastic continuum between both RP and AP and the dead tissues, with the latter including the vessel elements, libriform fibers, and imperforate tracheary elements (i.e., vasicentric and vascular tracheids). Also, the heartwood, a chemically altered antimicrobial non-living substance that forms the core of many trees, provides an integral part of the defense system. In the heartwood, dead RAP can play an important role in defense, depending on the genetic constitution of the species. Considering the array of functions that RAP are associated with, from capacitance, through to storage, and long-distance water transport, deciding how their role in defense fits into this suite of functions is a challenge for plant scientists, and likely depends on a range of factors. Here, we explore the important role of RAP in defense against fungal pathogens and the trade-offs involved from a viewpoint for structure-function relations, while also examining how fungi can breach the defense system using an array of enzymes in conjunction with the physically intrusive hyphae.

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Decay development in living sapwood of coniferous and deciduous trees inoculated with six wood decay fungi

Cited by 55 publications

References 44 publications

Histochemical and geometric alterations of sapwood in coastal Douglas-fir following mechanical damage during commercial thinning

Histochemical and geometric alterations of sapwood in coastal Douglas-fir following mechanical damage during commercial thinning

Identification of wood‐decay fungi and assessment of damage in log depots of Western Black Sea Region (Turkey)

The Parenchyma of Secondary Xylem and Its Critical Role in Tree Defense against Fungal Decay in Relation to the CODIT Model

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