Decreasing smoking prevalence during pregnancy in Sweden: the effect on small-for-gestational-age births.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether recent changes in smoking prevalence among pregnant women have affected risks of small-for-gestational-age births. METHODS: With data for all live single births in Sweden from 1983 through 1992 (n = 1048139), odds ratios [ORs] and attributable risks of small-for-gestational-age births were calculated for 1983 through 1985, 1986 through 1989, and 1990 through 1992. RESULTS: Daily smoking decreased from 29.4% in 1983 to 21.8% in 1992. For the three time periods, the odds ratios of small-for-gestational-age births by maternal smoking were almost identical: 1-9 cigarettes/day OR = 2.1 or 2.2; for > or = 10 cigarettes/day, OR = 2.8. The attributable risk of smoking for small-for-gestational-age births declined from 26.2% in 1983 through 1985 to 20.9% in 1990 through 1992. CONCLUSIONS: The findings point to a true decrease in tobacco exposure during pregnancy and a reduction in the attributable risk for small-for-gestational-age births.

Children's health: Health in Sweden: The National Public Health Report 2012. Chapter 2

“…Lifestyle factors such as smoking and stress can interfere with nutrient uptake and result in poor fetal growth. But growth retardation can also be caused by illness in the mother, for example toxemia of pregnancy (preeclampsia) [4,5]. Low birth weight has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood [6].…”

“…However, structural conditions surrounding growth and development in childhood still have an impact on people's state of health. A family's social position determines the health risks the child is exposed to, the type of stimulus the family can provide the child with, and the resources it has to support the child during times of stress [2][3][4].…”

Chapter 7: Children's and young people's health

“…The proportion of children born small for gestational age has decreased somewhat during the past 10 years, probably because fewer and fewer mothers smoke during their pregnancy [4]. Between 1997 and 2001, 2.4% of children were reportedly small for gestational age at birth.…”

Influência da exposição a fumaça lateral do cigarro sobre o ganho de peso e o consumo alimentar de ratas gestantes: análise do peso e do comprimento dos filhotes ao nascimento

“…Resultados: as ratas expostas ao tabaco consumiram menos alimentos por dia [Grupo F=18,9 (±1,2) vs Grupo Ar=21,7 (±1,6) vs Grupo C=24,2 (±1,7); (p<0,05)] e apresentaram menor ganho ponderal ao final da gestação em relação às ratas expostas ao ar comprimido e ao grupo controle: peso no vigésimo dia de gestação: Grupo F=338,9 g (±13,8) vs Grupo Ar=352,3g (±15,9) vs Grupo C=366,3 g (±13,1); p<0,001). O peso dos filhotes ao nascimento [(Grupo F=5,5 g (±0,3); Grupo Ar=5,9 g (±0,5); Grupo C=5,9 g (±0,4) -p<0,01] e o comprimento ao nascer [Grupo F=6,8 cm (±0,2); Grupo Ar=6,9 cm (±0,2); Grupo C=6,9 cm (±0,1) -p<0,05] foram significativamente menores no grupo de ratas expostas ao tabaco em relação aos outros dois grupos, que não diferiram entre si. Conclusões: a exposição ao tabaco reduziu o ganho ponderal e o consumo alimentar das ratas durante a gestação e produziu redução do peso e do comprimento dos filhotes ao nascimento.…”

“…Efeitos do tabagismo sobre o crescimento intra-uterino se manifestam de maneira mais visível no terceiro trimestre da gravidez, e de forma dose-dependente [1][2][3] . O tabagismo na gestação dobra a chance de ocorrência de baixo peso ao nascer, seja por restrição do crescimento intra-uterino (RCIU) seja por prematuridade 4,5 .…”