Deep desulfurization of middle distillates: process adaptation to oil fractions’ compositions

Science and Technology Progress on the Desulfurization Process of Crude Oil

“…The hydrodesulfurization activity of catalyst material mainly depends on the surface area and catalyst support. The NiMo/Al 2 O 3 gave higher % sulfur removal than CoMo/Al 2 O 3 mainly due to the larger surface area and higher applied pressure whereas the surface area of NiMo/Al 2 O 3 material (276 m 2 /g) is twice as much as that of CoMo/Al 2 O 3 material 28 . On the other hand, NiMo catalyst on different support, i.e ., Al 2 O 3 ‐MgO and Al 2 O 3 ‐TiO 2 gave different % sulfur removal in 99% and 89%, respectively 31 .…”

“…Even though the hydrodesulfurization process could achieve up to 96% of sulfur removal, 28 the leftover sulfur content in crude oil is still higher (670 mg/L for initial sulfur concentration at 16740 mg/L) than the allowed concentration from the Indonesian government, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and Europe Union. Because of that, further hydrodesulfurization process is required to meet the fuel qualifications.…”

“…On the other hand, NiMo catalyst on different support, i.e ., Al 2 O 3 ‐MgO and Al 2 O 3 ‐TiO 2 gave different % sulfur removal in 99% and 89%, respectively 31 . Furthermore, NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst material exhibited 96% sulfur removal at a very high initial sulfur concentration (16 740 mg/L) 28 . The NiMo/activated carbon (NiMo/AC) catalyst gave higher % sulfur removal than NiMo/Al 2 O 3 because the surface area of activated carbon (500–3000 m 2 /g) is much larger than Al 2 O 3 (5–300 m 2 /g) 41,42 .…”

A review of extractive desulfurization of fuel oils using ionic liquids

“…1,2 Currently, hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is widely employed in industries. In this process, S compounds in fuel oils react with hydrogen in the presence of catalyst (mostly Co-Mo/Al 2 O 3 and Ni-Mo/Al 2 O 3 catalysts 3,4 ) to produce hydrogen sulde (H 2 S), which is removed from the fuel oils. HDS, however, is facing challenges with more countries, limiting the S content in fuel oils to lower levels and even to zero (e.g., the European directive on transportation fuels limited the S content to 150 ppm for gasoline and 350 ppm for diesel in 1998; it was reduced to 50 ppm just ve years later and now it stands at <10 ppm.…”

Κλιμάκωση Μεγέθους Καταλυτικών Αντιδραστήρων Υδρογονοεπεξεργασίας Καυσίμων

“…της παραπάνω εξίσωσης έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί μια πιο σύνθετη μορφή, έτσι ώστε να ληφθεί υπόψη η επίδραση του υδρογόνου και του υδροθείου κατά την πορεία αποθείωσης, δεδομένου ότι η συγκέντρωση αυτών των δύο ενώσεων μεταβάλλεται σημαντικά(Chowdhury et al, 2002;Pedernera et al, 2003;Gunjal and Ranade, 2007):Πρέπει να αναφερθεί ότι εξισώσεις των παραπάνω μορφών χρησιμοποιούνται ιδιαίτερα στην περίπτωση κατά την οποία στόχο αποτελεί η απλή καταγραφή της επίδρασης των παραμέτρων λειτουργίας στην αποθείωση ενός συγκεκριμένου πετρελαϊκού κλάσματος, όπως του χρόνου παραμονής, της συνολική πίεσης, της θερμοκρασίας και του λόγου υγρό/αέριο. Παρόλα αυτά, η χρήση της συγκεκριμένης εξίσωσης δεν πραγματοποιείται για την αναλυτική μελέτη του ρυθμού αποθείωσης ενός κλάσματος.…”