“…Numerous studies conducted via driving simulators, test tracks, and naturalistic driving research have sought to quantify and clarify the risks of distracted driving due to visual and manual secondary tasks (e.g., Dingus et al, 2016;Fitch et al, 2013;Guo et al, 2017;Klauer et al, 2014;Klauer, Dingus, Neale, Sudweeks, & Ramsey, 2006;Olson, Hanowski, Hickman, & Bocanegra, 2009;Victor et al, 2015). However, existing research into cognitive disengagement relative to automobile use and risk (e.g., Almahasneh, Chooi, Kamel, & Malik, 2014;Angell, Perez, & Soccolich, 2014;Briggs, Hole, & Land, 2011;Owens et al, 2018;Strayer et al, 2013;Strayer et al, 2014;Wang, Reimer, Dobres, & Mehler, 2014) appears to be less conclusive. Current discrepancies are likely due to different data sources and study methodologies.…”