Deep Lipidomics in Human Plasma: Cardiometabolic Disease Risk and Effect of Dietary Fat Modulation

Abstract

Background: In blood and tissues, dietary and endogenously generated fatty acids (FAs) occur in free form or as part of complex lipid molecules that collectively represent the lipidome of the respective tissue. We assessed associations of plasma lipids derived from high-resolution lipidomics with incident cardiometabolic diseases and subsequently tested if the identified risk-associated lipids were sensitive to dietary fat modification. Methods: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Potsdam cohort study comprises 27,548 participants recruited within an age-range of 35-65 years from the general population around Potsdam, Germany. We generated two disease-specific case-cohorts based on a fixed random subsample (n=1,262) and all respective cohort-wide identified incident primary cardiovascular disease (CVD, composite of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke) (n=551) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n=775) cases. We estimated the associations of baseline plasma concentrations of 282 class-specific FA abundances (calculated from 940 distinct molecular species across 15 lipid classes) with the outcomes in multivariable-adjusted Cox models. We tested the effect of an isoenergetic dietary fat modification on risk-associated lipids in The Dietary Intervention and VAScular function randomized controlled trial (DIVAS) (n=113). Participants consumed either a diet rich in saturated FAs (control), monounsaturated FAs, or a mixture of monounsaturated and n-6 polyunsaturated FAs for 16 weeks. Results: 69 lipids associated (false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05) with at least one outcome (both=8, only CVD=49, only T2D=12). In brief, several monoacylglycerols and FA16:0 and FA18:0 in diacylglycerols were associated with both outcomes, cholesteryl esters, free fatty acids, and sphingolipids were largely CVD-specific, and several (glycero)phospholipids T2D-specific. In addition, nineteen risk-associated lipids were affected (FDR<0.05) by the diets rich in unsaturated dietary FAs compared to the saturated fat diet (17 in a direction consistent with a potential beneficial effect on long-term cardiometabolic risk). For example, the monounsaturated FA-rich diet decreased DG(FA16:0) by 0.4 (95%-CI:0.5,0.3) SD-units and increased TG(FA22:1) by 0.5 (95%-CI:0.4,0.7) SD-units. Conclusions: We identified several lipids associated with cardiometabolic disease risk. A subset was beneficially altered by a dietary fat intervention, which supports substitution of dietary saturated FAs with unsaturated FAs as a potential tool for primary disease prevention.

Plasma Lipidomic n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the EPIC-Potsdam Prospective Cohort Study

“…A case-cohort study nested within the prospective EPIC-Potsdam study was designed for efficient molecular phenotyping ( 13 , 17 ). From all participants who provided blood samples ( N = 26,437), we randomly selected a subcohort ( n = 1,248) and considered all participants with incident type 2 diabetes ( n = 801) identified during follow-up (median 6.5 years, interquartile range 6.0–8.7 years) ( Supplementary Fig.…”

“…The lipidomics analysis was performed by Metabolon using the Metabolon Complex Lipid Panel, as previously described ( 13 , 17 ). Briefly, lipids were extracted from plasma samples in the presence of deuterated internal standards using an automated butanol-methanol extraction.…”

“…We have previously observed that associations of FAs with type 2 diabetes risk vary across plasma lipid classes, including PUFAs ( 12 , 13 ). However, very few studies have simultaneously compared risk associations of n-6 PUFAs in different lipid compartments.…”

Identification of novel plasma lipid markers of cardiovascular disease risk in White and Black women

“…This includes clinical and cytokine measurements. Lipidomic analysis was performed by Metabolon as previously described (51, 52). We would like to note that for TAGs in particular, the Metabolon platform reports the acyl chain distribution of fatty acids in the TAG pool but not individual species because the overall acyl chain composition of TAGs is not reported (e.g.…”

Lipid Profiling Reveals Lipidomic Signatures of Weight Loss Interventions

“…Lipidomics has become a pivotal tool for understanding a variety of scientific questions [ 28 ]. Lipidomic studies provided deep pathophysiologic insights and lipidomic biomarker signatures for obesity and weight loss interventions [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Here, we attempted to identify novel blood-based lipidomic biomarkers of response among different weight loss intervention methods, including exercise and two surgical interventions.…”