Defining Truthfulness, Deception, and Related Concepts

Kalbfleisch, Pamela J.; Docan-Morgan, Tony

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96334-1_2

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A recent meta-analysis (Elaad, 2019) indicated that truth-telling ability is overestimated whereas lie-telling ability is not. The “truth-telling bias” – the excessive confidence people express in their ability to persuade receivers of their truthful communications – rests on the belief that telling the truth is a simple thing (Buller and Burgoon, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test

Elaad

Zvi

2019

Front. Psychol.

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Narcissistic dimensions and self-assessed lie and truth-telling and detecting abilities were used to predict deliberate attempts to influence the outcomes of the Concealed Information polygraph Test. In this study, which used a fabricated murder scenario, 241 examinees were randomly allocated to four experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two guilt conditions (guilty and innocent) were crossed with two countermeasures conditions (with or without countermeasure instructions). One group consisted of 120 informed guilty participants who were offered the opportunity to give a false response to neutral items by verbally answering “yes,” by which they falsely confirmed that the item is relevant to the murder case. Participants were told that frequent lying would confuse the polygraph and help them pass the test. Another informed guilty group (41 participants) was not given the opportunity to use countermeasures. Two control groups of 40 participants each were unaware of the critical items. One control group used countermeasures while the other did not. Narcissistic dimensions and self-assessed lie-telling ability correlated positively with frequent use of countermeasures. Conflicting results about the relation between countermeasure usage and physiological responses to critical items were obtained.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the high self-assessed ability to convince when telling the truth assists the human desire to sustain one’s positive self-image (Kaplar and Gordon, 2004). In contrast, lie-telling abilities are not similarly overestimated (Elaad, 2019). The belief that lie-telling is a difficult task may partly explain such findings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test

Elaad

Zvi

2019

Front. Psychol.

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“…In order to implement a simplified, but working example of such communication networks we base our simulation on a few assumptions. One is the presence of deception , which does not have to follow a specific malicious plan in the first place, but naturally arises in human communication [ 14 , 15 ], e.g., due to personal interests in the case of the reputation game. Next, as soon as humans interact with each other we automatically consider others’ current mental states, as well as certain environmental circumstances in order to interpret the communicated words correctly.…”

Section: The Reputation Gamementioning

confidence: 99%

Information and Agreement in the Reputation Game Simulation

Kainz

Bœhm

Utz

et al. 2022

Entropy

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Modern communication habits are largely shaped by the extensive use of social media and other online communication platforms. The enormous amount of available data and speed with which new information arises, however, often suffices to cause misunderstandings, false conclusions, or otherwise disturbed opinion formation processes. To investigate some of these effects we use an agent-based model on gossip and reputation dynamics with 50 agents, including Bayesian knowledge updates under bounded rationality and up to the second-order theory of mind effects. Thereby, we observe the occurrence of reputation boosts from fake images, as well as the advantage of hiding one’s opinion in order to become a strong information trader. In addition, the simulations show fundamentally different mechanisms for reaching high agreement with others and becoming well-informed. Additionally, we investigate the robustness of our results with respect to different knowledge-update mechanisms and argue why it makes sense to especially emphasize the margins of distribution when judging a bounded quantity such as honesty in a reputation game simulation.

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“…Acquiring beliefs about the external world and themselves is a primary need for humans to achieve their goals; this is why communication -and specifically, telling the truth -is generally considered as an act of cooperation (Grice, 1975) and reciprocal altruism (Castelfranchi and Poggi, 1998), whereas deceiving, i.e., providing false or withholding true information, is viewed as a sin by religions and a harmful and morally execrable action by ethics (Bok, 1978;Augustinus, 1994;Kant, 1996). If pragmatics (Grice, 1975;Sperber and Wilson, 1995;Castelfranchi and Poggi, 1998) considers telling the truth as the main principle of communication, according to psychological studies, most people believe that this is the norm in most human interactions (Moghaddam, 2002;Levine, 2014): they expect to be believed and at the same time do not doubt the veracity of the information received (Kalbfleisch and Docan-Morgan, 2019); this facilitates social interaction and the understanding of others (Kalbfleisch and Docan-Morgan, 2019), producing indisputable beneficial effects, in terms of trust, well-being, and security.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among "white lies, " we can count both disappointing, scaring, or worrying news of the former type and face-threatening ones; within these last is politeness, viewed in the psychological literature (Axia, 1999) as the ability to predict and prevent any possible discomfort of the other, protecting his/her need to be free and autonomous and his/her self-esteem and emotions, and by pragmatic studies (Lakoff, 1973;Brown and Levinson, 1978;Leech, 1983) as the set of linguistic strategies aimed at saving the interlocutor's "face" (Goffman, 1963(Goffman, , 1981, the image that individuals show of themselves during interactions with others. Two strategies to maintain comfortable interactions, while not directly providing true information, are equivocation and avoidance (Kalbfleisch and Docan-Morgan, 2019), i.e., providing information that can be interpreted in various ways or shifting to other topics. In other cases, one does not tell the exact truth, because one thinks the other does not really want to know it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment Styles and Communication of Displeasing Truths

et al. 2020

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This work explores how humans manage the communication of a displeasing and face-threatening truth and how the communicative strategies of the sender and the reaction of the receiver are influenced by their attachment style. Two experimental studies demonstrate that the attachment styles of both senders and receivers can influence the communicative styles of the sender, the emotions that both senders and receivers feel or attribute to their interlocutor, and the reactions of the receivers. In Study 1, couples of participants played a bogus computer game, ostensibly to test their abilities. Subsequently, "the spokesperson" was given the task to communicate to the "the receiver" a bogus low score of the other and a high score of oneself. Finally, all participants completed an adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). A content analysis of the verbal messages of the spokespersons showed two main communication styles: frankness and mitigation. The results suggest that the spokespersons' attachment style influences these communication styles. Using a similar procedure, Study 2 showed that spokespersons with a high avoidant attachment more frequently used frankness when communicating low scores to the receivers. Furthermore, the emotions and impressions reported by anxious and avoidant spokespersons and receivers, respectively, confirm the negative model of the self or the other, typical, respectively, in anxious and avoidant attachment. The detection of communicative strategies stemming from different attachment styles might be of use in user modeling and the planning of personalized systems.

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Defining Truthfulness, Deception, and Related Concepts

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test

Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test

Information and Agreement in the Reputation Game Simulation

Attachment Styles and Communication of Displeasing Truths

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