Delineation of the Flooded Areas in Urban Environments Based on a Simplified Approach

Abstract

The Tulcea municipality is frequently exposed to rainfall-generated floods, with its lower downtown area (located in the Danube’ former meadow, now protected by dikes) being flooded two to three times per year. In this study, our objective was to understand the generation mechanism of these rainfall-triggered urban floods and to identify tailored mitigation options. Due to the lack of reliable information on the sewage network (diameters, slope, material) and the uncertain sewage outflows during heavy rain events, a rather simplified approach was preferred by the authors of this paper. The data processing was performed using GIS tools, with appropriate accounting of the digital terrain modelling, ortho-photos, administrative boundaries of the Tulcea municipality, delineation of the urban catchments, imagery of the frequently flooded areas, and the urban sewage network. Subsequently, a fast hydrological modelling and a volume-based flooding approach were developed in order to identify and evaluate the flooded urban areas under extreme rainfall events. Upon the completion of the calibration and validation processes, numerical simulations were run that considered the design storms of different return periods. Due to the high slopes of the hills, hence the short concentration time of the pluvial waters, a Sponge City approach does not seem as though it would be easy to implement. A more efficient solution utilising large-capacity buried urban retention tanks in the lower part of the municipality was alternatively identified. Further on, this solution will be supported by a set of green measures.

Probabilistic Forecasts of Flood Inundation Maps Using Surrogate Models

“…This work used the modified version of the model described by Zanchetta and Coulibaly [19], in which a hydraulic flow surface component for the flood-prone area (region of Figure 1c) is included. The spatial resolution of the hydraulic surface flow component is in the order of 2 m, following the granularity of the digital elevation model (DEM) on which it is based and meeting the high degree of spatial discretization required for urban environments [31]. Such a model is hereafter referred to simply as "hydrodynamic model".…”