Deployment Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensors Network based on Virtual Force

Abstract

Abstract-Recently, Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have attracted researchers' attention due to the challenges and the peculiar characteristics of the underwater environment. The initial random deployment of UWSN where sensors are scattered over the area via planes or ships is inefficient, and it doesn't achieve full coverage nor maintain network connectivity. Moreover, energy efficiency in underwater networks is a crucial issue since nodes utilize battery power as a source of energy and it is difficult and sometimes impossible to change or replenish these batteries. Our contribution in this research is to improve the performance of UWSNs by designing UW-DVFA, an underwater 3-D self-distributed deployment algorithm based on virtual forces. The main target for this work is to stretch the randomly deployed network in the 3-D area in a way that guarantees full area coverage and network connectivity.

Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Taxonomy on applications, architectures, localization methods, deployment techniques, routing techniques, and threats: A systematic review

“…Use of deployment Techniques Future work 3D Architecture Complete coverage of the region 97 Algorithm for heterogeneous node deployment technologies such as virtual forces.…”

“…Almutairi and Mahfoudh 97 developed the distributed virtual force algorithm for the Underwater environment by accounting for the effect of water current force and demonstrated that extensive coverage of the region of interest with a reasonable number of nodes is achieved faster with a number near the maximum bound. However, the deployment methodology does not focus on the network lifespan.…”

Review of Localization and Clustering in USV and AUV for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Even though there are communication problems, the idea can be implemented using acoustics technology. For short-range communications, interdependent communication strategies have been proposed [2]. The Underwater Acoustic Networks are unique and can be used for industrial and commercial purposes [3].…”

Enhancement of Precise Underwater Object Localization

“…More research or exploration needs to be done on the planet beneath the waves to benefit humanity. Underwater communication systems have swiftly acquired widespread adoption due to the many potential uses that can be implemented in the aquatic environment (Almutairi & Mahfoudh, 2017).…”

“…More research or exploration needs to be done on the planet beneath the waves to benefit humanity. Underwater communication systems have swiftly acquired widespread adoption due to the many potential uses that can be implemented in the aquatic environment (Almutairi & Mahfoudh, 2017).Due to the high level of attenuation that increases with the conditions of sea, that is, temperature, and salt (Siddiqi et al, 2017), electromagnetic (EM) waves propagating underwater travel over relatively small distances. Also, underwater radio frequency (RF) communications exhibit high levels of inter-symbol interference.…”