Deposition and Critical Loads of Nitrogen in Switzerland

Rihm, Beat; Kurz, Daniel

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_51

Cited by 29 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…At the sites of Lens and Isone, where throughfall was not measured, an estimate of the total deposition was obtained from the model developed for Switzerland (Rihm 1996;Rihm and Kurz 2001). As the modelled total deposition of nitrogen was found to be systematically higher than the total deposition derived from throughfall measurements , we corrected the deposition modelled for Lens and Isone.…”

Section: Nitrogen Deposition and Critical Loadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If N deposition exceeds the total combined plant and microbial demand, then enhanced nitrate leaching can be expected (UBA 1996). The second approach is empirical and is based on data obtained from controlled chamber and field experiments, chemical analyses, comparisons of vegetation composition in time and space, ecosystem models, and biological knowledge (Grennfelt and Thörnelöf 1992;Rihm 1996;Rihm and Kurz 2001). Thimonier et al (2005), Schmitt et al (2005) and Waldner et al (2007) showed that the N deposition between 1995 and 2001 was in the range or exceeded the critical loads at the majority of the sites of the Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does exceeding the critical loads for nitrogen alter nitrate leaching, the nutrient status of trees and their crown condition at Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) sites?

et al. 2009

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Nitrogen (N) deposition exceeds the critical loads for this element in most parts of Switzerland apart from the Alps. At 17 sites (8 broadleaved stands, 8 coniferous stands, and 1 mixed stand) of the Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research network, we are investigating whether N deposition is associated with the N status of the forest ecosystems. N deposition, assessed from throughfall measurements, was related to the following indicators: (1) nitrate leaching below the rooting zone (measured on a subset of 9 sites); (2) the N nutrition of the forest stand based on foliar analyses (16 sites); and (3) crown defoliation, a non specific indicator of tree vitality (all 17 sites). Nitrate leaching ranging from about 2 to 16 kg N ha -1 a -1 was observed at sites subjected to moderate to high total N deposition ([10 kg ha -1 a -1 ). The C/N ratio of the soil organic layer, or, when it was not present, of the upper 5 cm of the mineral soil, together with the pool of organic carbon in the soil, played a critical role, as previous studies have also found. In addition, the humus type may need to be considered as well. For instance, little nitrate leaching (\2 kg N ha -1 a -1 ) was recorded at the Novaggio site, which is subjected to high total N deposition ([30 kg ha -1 a -1 ) but characterized by a C/N ratio of 24, large organic C stocks, and a moder humus type. Foliar N concentrations correlated with N deposition in both broadleaved and coniferous stands. In half of the coniferous stands, foliar N concentrations were in the deficiency range. Crown defoliation tended to be negatively correlated with N concentrations in the needles. In the majority of the broadleaved stands, foliar N concentrations were in the optimum nutritional range or, on one beech plot with high total N deposition ([25 kg ha -1 a -1 ), above the optimum values. There was no correlation between the crown defoliation of broadleaved trees and foliar concentrations.

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Section: Nitrogen Deposition and Critical Loadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does exceeding the critical loads for nitrogen alter nitrate leaching, the nutrient status of trees and their crown condition at Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) sites?

et al. 2009

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“…Sulfur and nitrogen deposition on the LWF plots was calculated using the combined simplified model described by Rihm (1996), Kurz et al (1998) and Rihm and Kurz (2001). Recent monitoring results for Southern Switzerland (Barbieri and Pozzi, 2001) and from a new NH 3 -monitoring program carried out at 40 stations (Thöni et al, in press) have been included into the model, together with an update of the SO 2 -concentration map.…”

Section: Modeled Deposition Of Nitrogen and Sulfurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Deposition on Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) Plots

Thimonier

Schmitt

Waldner

et al. 2005

Environ Monit Assess

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Atmospheric deposition of the major elements was estimated from throughfall and bulk deposition measurements on 13 plots of the Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) between 1995 and 2001. Independent estimates of the wet and dry deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) on these same plots were gained from combined simplified models. The highest deposition fluxes were measured at Novaggio (Southern Switzerland), exposed to heavy air pollution originating from the Po Plain, with throughfall fluxes averaging 29 kg ha(-1) a(-1) for N and 15 kg ha(-1) a(-1) for S. Low deposition fluxes were measured on the plots above 1800 m, with throughfall fluxes lower than 4.5 kg ha(-1) a(-1) for N and lower than 3 kg ha(-1) a(-1) for S. The wet deposition of N and S derived from bulk deposition was close to the modeled wet deposition, but the dry deposition derived from throughfall was significantly lower than the modeled dry deposition for both compounds. However, both the throughfall method and the model yielded total deposition estimates of N which exceeded the critical loads calculated on the basis of long-term mass balance considerations. These estimates were within or above the range of empirical critical loads except above 1800 m.

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“…As a result, NH 3 is considered a potential transboundary pollutant to be controlled under the Gothenburg Protocol. Obviously, NH 3 emissions have other potential environmental impacts, such as direct toxicity to vegetation and eutrophication of sensitive terrestrial and aquatic environments (Asman and Berkowicz 1994;Rihm and Kurz 2001;Sheppard 2002). Using the calculation approach described in this paper, and already adopted in Lillyman and Buset (2008) and Eilers et al (2009), Canadian emissions from fertilizer are estimated to constitute 22% of total agricultural emissions, while the remainder is from the livestock industry.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monthly ammonia emissions from fertilizers in 12 Canadian Ecoregions

Sheppard¹,

Bittman²,

Bruulsema³

2010

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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, T. W. 2010. Monthly ammonia emissions from fertilizers in 12 Canadian Ecoregions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 90: 113Á127. Emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) from agriculture have been associated with transboundary atmospheric pollutant transport and potential human health problems. Specifically, NH 3 gas reacts in the atmosphere to form fine particles (PM 2.5 ) that are subject to long-range transport and are considered to be associated with elevated risk of all-cause, lung-cancer and cardiopulmonary mortality. Agriculture is a major source of atmospheric NH 3 , and, of this, NH 3 from fertilizers is perhaps the most easily managed. Recent shifts in nitrogen (N) fertilizer materials and improved placement of urea and related fertilizers have resulted in marked changes in emissions. This paper describes a model developed to predict month-by-month emissions of fertilizer NH 3 , supported by surveys of farmers and fertilizer industry personnel that update information on fertilizer use. Compared with previous estimates by Environment Canada, the fraction of fertilizer N emitted as NH 3 is estimated to be 50% lower in the vast prairie regions (a very large reduction in total NH 3 ), and about 30% lower in eastern Canada. The estimate for 2006 is 1.0 )10 8 kg NH 3 emitted directly from fertilizer application, 73% of this in the prairie region, and much of this in May. Overall, this indicates 6% of the applied fertilizer N is lost as NH 3 gas. Clearly, emission estimates are strongly dependent on up-to-date information about farm practices.Key words: Model, urea, volatilization Sheppard, S. C., Bittman, S. et Bruulsema, T. W. 2010. É missions mensuelles d'ammoniac par les engrais dans 13 e´core´gions du Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 90: 113Á127. On associe les e´missions d'ammoniac (NH 3 ) venant de l'agriculture au transport transfrontalier des polluants atmosphe´riques et aux risques que cela pose pour la sante´. Plus pre´cise´ment, le NH 3 re´agit dans l'atmosphe`re en produisant de fines particules (PM 2.5 ) qui sont ve´hicule´es sur de grandes distances et qu'on conside`re accroıˆtre le taux de mortalite´ge´ne´ral ainsi que les taux de mortalite´attribuables au cancer du poumon et aux maladies cardiovasculaires. L'agriculture est une source importante de NH 3 atmosphe´rique et l'ammoniac issu des engrais est sans doute celui que l'on peut ge´rer le plus facilement. Une modification re´cente des mate´riaux employe´s pour fabriquer les engrais azote´s (N) et de meilleures techniques d'application ont donne´lieu a`un changement marque´des e´missions. Cet article de´crit un mode`le e´labore´en vue de pre´voir les e´missions mensuelles de NH 3 re´sultant des engrais, d'apre`s les enqueˆtes re´alise´es par les agriculteurs et le personnel de l'industrie des amendements agricoles qui actualisent les donne´es sur l'usage des engrais. Comparativement aux estimations ante´rieures d'Environnement Canada, on estime que la part des engrais N perdue sous forme de NH 3 a diminue´de 50 % dans la vaste re´gion des Prairies (ce qui re´duit conside...

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Deposition and Critical Loads of Nitrogen in Switzerland

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

Does exceeding the critical loads for nitrogen alter nitrate leaching, the nutrient status of trees and their crown condition at Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) sites?

Does exceeding the critical loads for nitrogen alter nitrate leaching, the nutrient status of trees and their crown condition at Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) sites?

Atmospheric Deposition on Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) Plots

Monthly ammonia emissions from fertilizers in 12 Canadian Ecoregions

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